Growth Factors of optical sorter Market
The global optical sorter market is witnessing strong growth, driven by the rising adoption of automation, increasing demand for food safety, and expanding recycling and pharmaceutical industries. According to market analysis, the global optical sorter market was valued at USD 2.62 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 5.05 billion by 2034, growing at a CAGR of 7.6% during the forecast period. Asia Pacific dominated the market in 2025, accounting for 39.2% of the global share, supported by rapid industrialization, strong food processing activity, and increasing investments in automation technologies.
Optical sorters are advanced automated machines used to sort products based on optical characteristics such as color, shape, size, and texture. These machines use high-resolution cameras, sensors, and AI-based software to improve sorting accuracy, productivity, and quality control across industries.
Market Definition and Scope
Optical sorters, also known as visual sorting machines, are widely used in food & beverage processing, recycling, pharmaceuticals, mining, and logistics industries. These systems help remove foreign materials, defective products, and contaminants from production lines, ensuring high product quality and compliance with safety standards.
The market scope includes sorter technologies such as camera sorters, laser sorters, Near Infrared (NIR) sorters, hyperspectral sorters, and combined sorting systems. The report also covers increasing adoption of AI-enabled and machine-learning-based optical sorting solutions aimed at improving efficiency and sustainability.
Market Dynamics
Drivers
Growing emphasis on automation and quality assurance is a major driver of market growth. Food manufacturers are increasingly adopting optical sorters to meet strict food safety regulations and eliminate contaminants from grains, cereals, nuts, and packaged foods. Rising global cereal production and consumption further boost demand for advanced sorting solutions.
Another key driver is the expansion of the recycling industry, where optical sorters are used to separate plastics, metals, and glass efficiently. Increasing environmental concerns and government regulations promoting sustainable waste management are accelerating adoption.
Trends
A key trend shaping the market is the integration of advanced vision systems and artificial intelligence into optical sorters. Manufacturers are introducing high-resolution cameras, hyperspectral sensors, and AI-based software to enhance detection accuracy and sorting speed.
Additionally, the growing demand for high-throughput and multi-material sorting systems is driving innovation, especially in recycling and food processing industries.
Restraints
High initial investment costs and complex maintenance requirements remain major restraints, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises. Supply chain disruptions and fluctuating raw material prices can also impact equipment availability and pricing.
Impact of COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic initially slowed market growth due to disruptions in manufacturing activities and supply chains. However, increased demand for pharmaceuticals, packaged food, and recycling solutions during and after the pandemic supported market recovery. Post-pandemic, the market is expected to maintain steady growth due to rising automation across industries.
Segmentation Analysis
By Type
Based on type, the market is segmented into camera sorters, laser sorters, NIR sorters, hyperspectral & combined sorters, and others.
Camera sorters are expected to dominate the market, accounting for a significant share due to their wide application and cost efficiency.
The hyperspectral & combined sorter segment is gaining traction due to its high accuracy and ability to detect defects in complex materials.
By End Use
The food and beverage segment leads the market, driven by increasing global production of cereals, grains, and processed foods. Optical sorters help maintain hygiene, consistency, and compliance with food safety standards.
The pharmaceutical segment is expected to grow at the fastest rate due to rising demand for contamination-free medicines and medical products.
Regional Insights
Asia Pacific dominates the optical sorter market, valued at USD 1.03 billion in 2025, supported by strong food processing industries, rapid industrial growth, and rising adoption of automation in China, India, and Japan.
Europe shows steady growth due to strong sustainability initiatives and increasing use of optical sorting in recycling and food industries.
North America is witnessing robust growth driven by advanced manufacturing infrastructure, stringent quality regulations, and increasing recycling activities.
Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are experiencing gradual growth, supported by infrastructure development and expanding industrial applications.
Competitive Landscape
The global optical sorter market is highly competitive, with companies focusing on product innovation, AI integration, and strategic partnerships. Key players include:
- Buhler Group
- TOMRA Systems ASA
- Cimbria (AGCO)
- Key Technology
- Sesotec GmbH
- Satake Corporation
- Binder+Co
These companies are continuously investing in research and development to strengthen their market presence.
Report Coverage
The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the global optical sorter market, including market size estimates, growth drivers, trends, restraints, segmentation by type and end use, regional outlook, competitive landscape, and recent technological developments.
Conclusion
Growing from USD 2.62 billion in 2025 to USD 5.05 billion by 2034, the global optical sorter market is set for strong expansion. Increasing automation, rising food safety concerns, growth of recycling activities, and technological advancements will continue to drive long-term market growth.
Segmentation By Type
- Camera Sorter
- Lasers Sorter
- Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorter
- Others (Belt Sorter)
By End-User
- Food and Beverages
- Waste Recycling
- Mining
- Pharmaceutical
- Others (Logistics, Nutraceutical)
By Region
- North America (By Type, End-User, and Country)
- U.S. (By Type)
- Canada (By Type)
- Mexico (By Type)
- Europe (By Type, End-User, and Country)
- U.K. (By Type)
- Germany (By Type)
- France (By Type)
- Italy (By Type)
- Spain (By Type)
- Benelux (By Type)
- Nordics (By Type)
- Russia (By Type)
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific (By Type, End-User, and Country)
- China (By Type)
- India (By Type)
- Japan (By Type)
- South Korea (By Type)
- ASEAN (By Type)
- Oceania (By Type)
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- Middle East & Africa (By Type, End-User, and Country)
- Turkey (By Type)
- Israel (By Type)
- GCC (By Type)
- South Africa (By Type)
- North Africa (By Type)
- Rest of the Middle East & Africa
- South America (By Type, By End-User, and Country)
- Brazil (By Type)
- Argentina (By Type)
- Rest of South America
Table of Content
1. Introduction
- 1.1. Definition, By Segment
- 1.2. Research Methodology/Approach
- 1.3. Data Sources
2. Executive Summary
3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Macro and Micro Economic Indicators
- 3.2. Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities and Trends
- 3.3. Impact of COVID-19
4. Competition Landscape
- 4.1. Business Strategies Adopted by Key Players
- 4.2. Consolidated SWOT Analysis of Key Players
- 4.3. Global Optical Sorter Key Players Market Share/Ranking, 2025
5. Global Optical Sorter Market Size Estimates and Forecasts, By Segments, 2021-2034
- 5.1. Key Findings
- 5.2. By Type (USD)
- 5.2.1. Camera Sorter
- 5.2.2. Lasers Sorter
- 5.2.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 5.2.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 5.2.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 5.3. By End-User (USD)
- 5.3.1. Food and Beverages
- 5.3.2. Waste Recycling
- 5.3.3. Mining
- 5.3.4. Pharmaceuticals
- 5.3.5. Others (Logistics, Nutraceutical)
- 5.4. By Region (USD)
- 5.4.1. North America
- 5.4.2. Europe
- 5.4.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.4.4. Middle East & Africa
- 5.4.5. South America
6. North America Optical Sorter Market Size Estimates and Forecasts, By Segments, 2021-2034
- 6.1. Key Findings
- 6.2. By Type (USD)
- 6.2.1. Camera Sorter
- 6.2.2. Lasers Sorter
- 6.2.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 6.2.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 6.2.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 6.3. By End-User (USD)
- 6.3.1. Food and Beverages
- 6.3.2. Waste Recycling
- 6.3.3. Mining
- 6.3.4. Pharmaceuticals
- 6.3.5. Others (Logistics, Nutraceutical)
- 6.4. By Country (USD)
- 6.4.1. U.S.
- 6.4.1.1. By Type (USD)
- 6.4.1.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 6.4.1.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 6.4.1.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 6.4.1.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 6.4.1.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 6.4.2. Canada
- 6.4.2.1. By Type (USD)
- 6.4.2.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 6.4.2.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 6.4.2.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 6.4.2.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 6.4.2.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 6.4.3. Mexico
- 6.4.3.1. By Type (USD)
- 6.4.3.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 6.4.3.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 6.4.3.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 6.4.3.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 6.4.3.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
7. Europe Optical Sorter Market Size Estimates and Forecasts, By Segments, 2021-2034
- 7.1. Key Findings
- 7.2. By Type (USD)
- 7.2.1. Camera Sorter
- 7.2.2. Lasers Sorter
- 7.2.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 7.2.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 7.2.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 7.3. By End-User (USD)
- 7.3.1. Food and Beverages
- 7.3.2. Waste Recycling
- 7.3.3. Mining
- 7.3.4. Pharmaceuticals
- 7.3.5. Others (Logistics, Nutraceutical)
- 7.4. By Country (USD)
- 7.4.1. Germany
- 7.4.1.1. By Type (USD)
- 7.4.1.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 7.4.1.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 7.4.1.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 7.4.1.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 7.4.1.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 7.4.2. France
- 7.4.2.1. By Type (USD)
- 7.4.2.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 7.4.2.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 7.4.2.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 7.4.2.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 7.4.2.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 7.4.3. U.K.
- 7.4.3.1. By Type (USD)
- 7.4.3.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 7.4.3.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 7.4.3.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 7.4.3.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 7.4.3.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 7.4.4. Italy
- 7.4.4.1. By Type (USD)
- 7.4.4.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 7.4.4.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 7.4.4.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 7.4.4.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 7.4.4.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 7.4.5. Spain
- 7.4.5.1. By Type (USD)
- 7.4.5.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 7.4.5.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 7.4.5.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 7.4.5.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 7.4.5.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 7.4.6. Benelux
- 7.4.6.1. By Type (USD)
- 7.4.6.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 7.4.6.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 7.4.6.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 7.4.6.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 7.4.6.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 7.4.7. Nordics
- 7.4.7.1. By Type (USD)
- 7.4.7.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 7.4.7.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 7.4.7.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 7.4.7.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 7.4.7.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 7.4.8. Russia
- 7.4.8.1. By Type (USD)
- 7.4.8.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 7.4.8.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 7.4.8.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 7.4.8.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 7.4.8.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 7.4.9. Rest of Europe
8. Asia Pacific Optical Sorter Market Size Estimates and Forecasts, By Segments, 2021-2034
- 8.1. Key Findings
- 8.2. By Type (USD)
- 8.2.1. Camera Sorter
- 8.2.2. Lasers Sorter
- 8.2.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 8.2.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 8.2.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 8.3. By End-User (USD)
- 8.3.1. Food and Beverages
- 8.3.2. Waste Recycling
- 8.3.3. Mining
- 8.3.4. Pharmaceuticals
- 8.3.5. Others (Logistics, Nutraceutical)
- 8.4. By Country (USD)
- 8.4.1. China
- 8.4.1.1. By Type (USD)
- 8.4.1.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 8.4.1.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 8.4.1.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 8.4.1.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 8.4.1.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 8.4.2. Japan
- 8.4.2.1. By Type (USD)
- 8.4.2.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 8.4.2.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 8.4.2.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 8.4.2.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 8.4.2.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 8.4.3. India
- 8.4.3.1. By Type (USD)
- 8.4.3.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 8.4.3.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 8.4.3.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 8.4.3.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 8.4.3.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 8.4.4. South Korea
- 8.4.4.1. By Type (USD)
- 8.4.4.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 8.4.4.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 8.4.4.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 8.4.4.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 8.4.4.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 8.4.5. ASEAN
- 8.4.5.1. By Type (USD)
- 8.4.5.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 8.4.5.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 8.4.5.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 8.4.5.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 8.4.5.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 8.4.6. Oceania
- 8.4.6.1. By Type (USD)
- 8.4.6.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 8.4.6.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 8.4.6.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 8.4.6.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 8.4.6.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 8.4.7. Rest of Asia Pacific
9. Middle East & Africa Optical Sorter Market Size Estimates and Forecasts, By Segments, 2021-2034
- 9.1. Key Findings
- 9.2. By Type (USD)
- 9.2.1. Camera Sorter
- 9.2.2. Lasers Sorter
- 9.2.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 9.2.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 9.2.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 9.3. By End-User (USD)
- 9.3.1. Food and Beverages
- 9.3.2. Waste Recycling
- 9.3.3. Mining
- 9.3.4. Pharmaceuticals
- 9.3.5. Others (Logistics, Nutraceutical)
- 9.4. By Country (USD)
- 9.4.1. GCC
- 9.4.1.1. By Type (USD)
- 9.4.1.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 9.4.1.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 9.4.1.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 9.4.1.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 9.4.1.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 9.4.2. South Africa
- 9.4.2.1. By Type (USD)
- 9.4.2.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 9.4.2.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 9.4.2.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 9.4.2.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 9.4.2.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 9.4.3. Turkey
- 9.4.3.1. By Type (USD)
- 9.4.3.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 9.4.3.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 9.4.3.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 9.4.3.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 9.4.3.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 9.4.4. Israel
- 9.4.4.1. By Type (USD)
- 9.4.4.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 9.4.4.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 9.4.4.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 9.4.4.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 9.4.4.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 9.4.5. North Africa
- 9.4.5.1. By Type (USD)
- 9.4.5.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 9.4.5.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 9.4.5.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 9.4.5.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 9.4.5.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 9.4.6. Rest of Middle East & Africa
10. South America Optical Sorter Market Size Estimates and Forecasts, By Segments, 2021-2034
- 10.1. Key Findings
- 10.2. By Type (USD)
- 10.2.1. Camera Sorter
- 10.2.2. Lasers Sorter
- 10.2.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 10.2.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 10.2.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 10.3. By End-User (USD)
- 10.3.1. Food and Beverages
- 10.3.2. Waste Recycling
- 10.3.3. Mining
- 10.3.4. Pharmaceuticals
- 10.3.5. Others (Logistics, Nutraceutical)
- 10.4. By Country (USD)
- 10.4.1. Brazil
- 10.4.1.1. By Type (USD)
- 10.4.1.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 10.4.1.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 10.4.1.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 10.4.1.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 10.4.1.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 10.4.2. Argentina
- 10.4.2.1. By Type (USD)
- 10.4.2.1.1. Camera Sorter
- 10.4.2.1.2. Lasers Sorter
- 10.4.2.1.3. Near Infrared (NIR) Sorter
- 10.4.2.1.4. Hyperspectral Cameras & Combined Sorters
- 10.4.2.1.5. Others (Belt Sorter)
- 10.4.3. Rest of South America
11. Company Profiles for Top 10 Players (Based on data availability in public domain and/or on paid databases)
- 11.1. Binder+Co
- 11.1.1. Overview
- 11.1.1.1. Key Management
- 11.1.1.2. Headquarters
- 11.1.1.3. Offerings/Business Segments
- 11.1.2. Key Details (Key details are consolidated data and not product/service specific)
- 11.1.2.1. Employee Size
- 11.1.2.2. Past and Current Revenue
- 11.1.2.3. Geographical Share
- 11.1.2.4. Business Segment Share
- 11.1.2.5. Recent Developments
- 11.2. Buhler
- 11.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.1.1. Key Management
- 11.2.1.2. Headquarters
- 11.2.1.3. Offerings/Business Segments
- 11.2.2. Key Details (Key details are consolidated data and not product/service specific)
- 11.2.2.1. Employee Size
- 11.2.2.2. Past and Current Revenue
- 11.2.2.3. Geographical Share
- 11.2.2.4. Business Segment Share
- 11.2.2.5. Recent Developments
- 11.3. TOMRA Systems ASA
- 11.3.1. Overview
- 11.3.1.1. Key Management
- 11.3.1.2. Headquarters
- 11.3.1.3. Offerings/Business Segments
- 11.3.2. Key Details (Key details are consolidated data and not product/service specific)
- 11.3.2.1. Employee Size
- 11.3.2.2. Past and Current Revenue
- 11.3.2.3. Geographical Share
- 11.3.2.4. Business Segment Share
- 11.3.2.5. Recent Developments
- 11.4. Korber AG
- 11.4.1. Overview
- 11.4.1.1. Key Management
- 11.4.1.2. Headquarters
- 11.4.1.3. Offerings/Business Segments
- 11.4.2. Key Details (Key details are consolidated data and not product/service specific)
- 11.4.2.1. Employee Size
- 11.4.2.2. Past and Current Revenue
- 11.4.2.3. Geographical Share
- 11.4.2.4. Business Segment Share
- 11.4.2.5. Recent Developments
- 11.5. Hitachi Zosen Corporation
- 11.5.1. Overview
- 11.5.1.1. Key Management
- 11.5.1.2. Headquarters
- 11.5.1.3. Offerings/Business Segments
- 11.5.2. Key Details (Key details are consolidated data and not product/service specific)
- 11.5.2.1. Employee Size
- 11.5.2.2. Past and Current Revenue
- 11.5.2.3. Geographical Share
- 11.5.2.4. Business Segment Share
- 11.5.2.5. Recent Developments
- 11.6. CFT S.p.A. (ATS Corporation.)
- 11.6.1. Overview
- 11.6.1.1. Key Management
- 11.6.1.2. Headquarters
- 11.6.1.3. Offerings/Business Segments
- 11.6.2. Key Details (Key details are consolidated data and not product/service specific)
- 11.6.2.1. Employee Size
- 11.6.2.2. Past and Current Revenue
- 11.6.2.3. Geographical Share
- 11.6.2.4. Business Segment Share
- 11.6.2.5. Recent Developments
- 11.7. Cimbria (AGCO)
- 11.7.1. Overview
- 11.7.1.1. Key Management
- 11.7.1.2. Headquarters
- 11.7.1.3. Offerings/Business Segments
- 11.7.2. Key Details (Key details are consolidated data and not product/service specific)
- 11.7.2.1. Employee Size
- 11.7.2.2. Past and Current Revenue
- 11.7.2.3. Geographical Share
- 11.7.2.4. Business Segment Share
- 11.7.2.5. Recent Developments
- 11.8. SATAKE CORPORATION
- 11.8.1. Overview
- 11.8.1.1. Key Management
- 11.8.1.2. Headquarters
- 11.8.1.3. Offerings/Business Segments
- 11.8.2. Key Details (Key details are consolidated data and not product/service specific)
- 11.8.2.1. Employee Size
- 11.8.2.2. Past and Current Revenue
- 11.8.2.3. Geographical Share
- 11.8.2.4. Business Segment Share
- 11.8.2.5. Recent Developments
- 11.9. Key Technology
- 11.9.1. Overview
- 11.9.1.1. Key Management
- 11.9.1.2. Headquarters
- 11.9.1.3. Offerings/Business Segments
- 11.9.2. Key Details (Key details are consolidated data and not product/service specific)
- 11.9.2.1. Employee Size
- 11.9.2.2. Past and Current Revenue
- 11.9.2.3. Geographical Share
- 11.9.2.4. Business Segment Share
- 11.9.2.5. Recent Developments
- 11.10. Sesotec GmbH
- 11.10.1. Overview
- 11.10.1.1. Key Management
- 11.10.1.2. Headquarters
- 11.10.1.3. Offerings/Business Segments
- 11.10.2. Key Details (Key details are consolidated data and not product/service specific)
- 11.10.2.1. Employee Size
- 11.10.2.2. Past and Current Revenue
- 11.10.2.3. Geographical Share
- 11.10.2.4. Business Segment Share
- 11.10.2.5. Recent Development