이산화탄소 포집, 활용 및 저장(CCUS) 시장(2027-2047년)

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) is a suite of technologies that capture carbon dioxide from industrial point sources or directly from the atmosphere, then either store it permanently underground or convert it into commercially valuable products. Applied to a conventional power plant, carbon capture systems can reduce CO₂ emissions by roughly 80–90% compared to an uncontrolled facility. The full chain consists of three stages: capturing the carbon dioxide, transporting it, and either storing it in geological formations - such as depleted oil and gas fields or deep saline aquifers - or utilizing it.

CO₂ is already a globally traded commodity, with around 230 million tonnes consumed each year. The fertilizer industry is the largest consumer, using roughly 130 Mt for urea manufacturing, followed by the oil and gas sector, which uses 70–80 Mt for enhanced oil recovery. Other established applications include food and beverage production, metal fabrication, cooling, fire suppression, and stimulating plant growth in greenhouses. While most commercial use today involves the direct application of CO₂, emerging pathways are transforming it into synthetic fuels, chemicals, polymers, and building materials - often by reacting it with minerals or industrial waste streams such as iron slag to form stable carbonates.

The CCUS business model centers on reducing greenhouse gas emissions while creating economic value from captured carbon. Operators capture CO₂ from emitters or the air, transport it, and store or utilize it. Revenue streams arise from carbon credits, the sale of captured CO₂, enhanced oil recovery, and government incentives such as the US 45Q tax credit. The cost structure is dominated by substantial capital expenditure on infrastructure, ongoing operational costs, and continued R&D investment. Competitive advantage typically derives from proprietary capture technologies, strategic partnerships across the value chain, and economies of scale achieved through shared hubs and clusters.

The regulatory environment is the decisive factor shaping market growth. Carbon pricing mechanisms - including the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, compliance markets in the US and China, and voluntary carbon markets - alongside emissions-reduction mandates determine project viability. Key barriers remain high capture costs, transport and storage infrastructure gaps, regulatory uncertainty, and long-term liability for stored CO₂. Despite these challenges, CCUS is increasingly viewed as indispensable for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors such as cement, steel, chemicals, and blue hydrogen, where few alternative pathways exist.

This comprehensive market report provides an in-depth analysis of the global CCUS industry across a twenty-year forecast horizon. It examines the entire value chain - capture, transport, utilization, and storage - and delivers granular market forecasts segmented by capture type, CO₂ endpoint, source sector, and region. The report covers the full technology landscape, from mature post-combustion chemical absorption through to emerging direct air capture (DAC), electrochemical conversion, and enhanced mineralization. It analyzes the economics of CCUS projects, CAPEX and OPEX reduction strategies, carbon pricing regimes, business models, and the policy environment across North America, Europe, and Asia. The report also assesses utilization pathways - fuels, chemicals, building materials, biological yield-boosting, and enhanced oil recovery - alongside detailed storage and transportation analysis. It concludes with profiles of nearly 400 companies operating across the value chain.

Key content areas include:

• Executive summary covering main CO₂ emission sources, CO₂ as a commodity, climate targets, market drivers and trends, industry developments 2020–2025, VC funding, and government initiatives.
• Market forecasts for capture capacity by endpoint and region to 2047, revenue potential, capacity by capture type, point-source capacity by source sector, and cost projections 2025–2047.
• Carbon capture technologies including post-combustion, pre-combustion, oxy-fuel combustion, technology readiness levels, energy consumption, and capture costs.
• Sector deep-dives into blue hydrogen, cement, steel, power generation, and BECCS.
• Direct Air Capture (DAC) technologies, plants and projects, capacity forecasts, costs, and market prospects.
• Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) covering BECCS, mineralization, enhanced weathering, afforestation, biochar, soil carbon sequestration, and ocean-based CDR.
• Carbon dioxide utilization pathways, conversion processes, and forecasts for fuels, chemicals, construction materials, and biological applications.
• Carbon dioxide storage site types, capacity estimates, monitoring technologies, CO₂-EOR, and storage projects.
• Carbon dioxide transportation by pipeline, ship, rail, and truck, plus smart pipeline networks and hubs.
• Carbon pricing and business models including 45Q tax credits, the EU ETS, and voluntary carbon markets.
• Nearly 400 detailed company profiles spanning capture, utilization, storage, and transportation including 8 Rivers, 3R-BioPhosphate, Adaptavate, Again, Aeroborn B.V., Aether Diamonds, AirCapture LLC, Aircela Inc, Aurora Hydrogen, Airrane, Air Company, Air Liquide S.A., Air Products and Chemicals Inc., Air Protein, Air Quality Solutions Worldwide DAC, Airex Energy, AirHive, Airovation Technologies, Algal Bio Co. Ltd., Algenol, Algiecel ApS, Andes Ag Inc., Anhui Conch Cement Group, Applied Carbon, Aqualung Carbon Capture, Arborea, Arca, Ardent Process Technologies, Arkeon Biotechnologies, Asahi Kasei, AspiraDAC Pty Ltd., Aspiring Materials, Atoco, Avantium N.V., Avnos Inc., Aymium, Axens SA, Azolla, Baker Hughes, Banyu Carbon, Barton Blakeley Technologies Ltd., BASF Group, BC Biocarbon, BP PLC, Beijing Carbontech Industrial Co., Biochar Now, Bio-Logica Carbon Ltd., Biomacon GmbH, Biosorra, Blue Planet Systems Corporation, Blusink Ltd., Boomitra, Brineworks, BluSky Inc., Breathe Applied Sciences, Bright Renewables, Brilliant Planet Systems, bse Methanol GmbH, C-Capture, Concrete4Change, Cool Planet Energy Systems, Coval Energy B.V., Covestro AG, C-Quester Inc., C-Questra, Cquestr8 Limited, CREW Carbon, CyanoCapture, DACMA, D-CRBN, Decarbontek LLC, Deep Branch Biotechnology, Deep Sky, Denbury Inc., Dimensional Energy, Dioxide Materials, Dioxycle, Drax, Earth RepAIR, Ebb Carbon, Ecocera, eChemicles, ecoLocked GmbH, EDAC Labs, Eion Carbon, Econic Technologies Ltd, EcoClosure LLC, Ecospray Technologies, Ekona Power, Electrochaea GmbH, Emerging Fuels Technology (EFT), Empower Materials Inc., Enerkem Inc., enaDyne GmbH, Entropy Inc., E-Quester, Equatic, Equinor ASA, ESTECH, Evonik Industries AG, Exomad Green, ExxonMobil, 44.01, Fairbrics, Fervo Energy, Fluor Corporation, Fortera Corporation, Fortum, Framergy Inc., Freres Biochar, FuelCell Energy Inc., Funga, GE Gas Power (General Electric), Giammarco Vetrocoke, GigaBlue, GIG Karasek, Giner Inc., Global Algae Innovations, Global Thermostat LLC, Graphyte, Grassroots Biochar AB, Graviky Labs, GreenCap Solutions AS, Greenlyte Carbon Technologies, Greeniron H2 AB, Green Sequest, Gulf Coast Sequestration, greenSand, Hago Energetics, Haldor Topsoe, Hazer Group, Heimdal CCU, Heirloom Carbon Technologies, HIF Global, High Hopes Labs, Holcim Group, Holocene, Holy Grail Inc., Honeywell, Oy Hydrocell Ltd., HYCO1, Hyvegeo, 1point8, IHI Corporation, Immaterial Ltd, Ineratec GmbH, Infinitree LLC, Infinium, Innovator Energy, InnoSepra LLC, Inplanet GmbH, InterEarth, ION Clean Energy Inc., Japan CCS Co. Ltd., Jupiter Oxygen Corporation, Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd., KC8 Capture Technologies (KC8), Krajete GmbH, LanzaJet Inc., Lanzatech, Lectrolyst LLC, Levidian Nanosystems, Limenet, The Linde Group, Liquid Wind AB, Lithos Carbon, Living Carbon, Loam Bio, Low Carbon Korea, Low Carbon Materials, Made of Air GmbH, Mango Materials Inc., Mantel Capture, Mars Materials, Mattershift, Mati Carbon, MCI Carbon, Membrane Technology and Research (MTR), Mercurius Biorefining, Minera Systems, Mineral Carbonation International (MCi) Carbon and more......

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

• 1.1 Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
• 1.2 CO2 as a commodity
• 1.3 Meeting climate targets
• 1.4 Market drivers and trends
• 1.5 The current market and future outlook
• 1.6 CCUS investments
  • 1.6.1 Venture Capital Funding
    • 1.6.1.1 2010-2026
    • 1.6.1.2 CCUS VC deals 2022-2026
• 1.7 Government CCUS initiatives and policy environment
• 1.8 Market map
• 1.9 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
  • 1.9.1 Facilities
    • 1.9.1.1 Operational
    • 1.9.1.2 Under development/construction
• 1.10 Economics of CCUS projects
  • 1.10.1 CAPEX Reduction Strategies
  • 1.10.2 OPEX Reduction Approaches
  • 1.10.3 Emerging Technology Solutions
• 1.11 CCUS Value Chain
• 1.12 Key market barriers for CCUS
• 1.13 CCUS and the energy trilemma
• 1.14 Growth markets for CUS
• 1.15 Carbon pricing
  • 1.15.1 Compliance Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
  • 1.15.2 Alternative to Carbon Pricing: 45Q Tax Credits
  • 1.15.3 Business models
    • 1.15.3.1 Full chain
    • 1.15.3.2 Networks and hub model
    • 1.15.3.3 Partial-chain
    • 1.15.3.4 Carbon dioxide utilization business model
  • 1.15.4 The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
  • 1.15.5 Carbon Pricing in the US
  • 1.15.6 Carbon Pricing in China
  • 1.15.7 Voluntary Carbon Markets
  • 1.15.8 Challenges with Carbon Pricing
• 1.16 Global market forecasts
  • 1.16.1 CCUS capture capacity forecast by end point
  • 1.16.2 Capture capacity by region to 2047, Mtpa
  • 1.16.3 Revenues
  • 1.16.4 CCUS capacity forecast by capture type
  • 1.16.5 Cost projections 2025-2047

2 INTRODUCTION

• 2.1 What is CCUS?
  • 2.1.1 Carbon Capture
    • 2.1.1.1 Source Characterization
    • 2.1.1.2 Purification
    • 2.1.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
  • 2.1.2 Carbon Utilization
    • 2.1.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
  • 2.1.3 Carbon storage
    • 2.1.3.1 Passive storage
    • 2.1.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
• 2.2 Transporting CO2
  • 2.2.1 Methods of CO2 transport
    • 2.2.1.1 Pipeline
    • 2.2.1.2 Ship
    • 2.2.1.3 Road
    • 2.2.1.4 Rail
  • 2.2.2 Safety
• 2.3 Costs
  • 2.3.1 Cost of CO2 transport
• 2.4 Carbon credits
• 2.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of CCUS Technologies
• 2.6 Environmental Impact Assessment
• 2.7 Social acceptance and public perception
• 2.8 Fate of CO2

3 CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE

• 3.1 Historical CO2 capture
• 3.2 CO₂ capture technologies
• 3.3 Maturity of technologies
• 3.4 Technology selection
• 3.5 Capture Percentages
  • 3.5.1 >90% capture rate
  • 3.5.2 99% capture rate
• 3.6 CO2 capture agent performance
• 3.7 Energy Consumption
• 3.8 TRL
• 3.9 Global Pipeline of Carbon Capture Facilities-Current and PLanned
• 3.10 CO2 capture from point sources
  • 3.10.1 Energy Availability and Costs
  • 3.10.2 Power plants with CCUS
  • 3.10.3 Transportation
  • 3.10.4 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
  • 3.10.5 Blue hydrogen
    • 3.10.5.1 Steam-methane reforming (SMR)
    • 3.10.5.2 Autothermal reforming (ATR)
    • 3.10.5.3 Partial oxidation (POX)
    • 3.10.5.4 Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR)
    • 3.10.5.5 Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture
    • 3.10.5.6 Blue hydrogen projects
    • 3.10.5.7 Costs
    • 3.10.5.8 Market players
  • 3.10.6 Carbon capture in cement
    • 3.10.6.1 CCUS Projects
    • 3.10.6.2 Carbon capture technologies
    • 3.10.6.3 Costs
    • 3.10.6.4 Challenges
  • 3.10.7 Maritime carbon capture
• 3.11 Main carbon capture processes
  • 3.11.1 Materials
  • 3.11.2 Natural Gas Sweetening
  • 3.11.3 Post-combustion
    • 3.11.3.1 Chemicals/Solvents
    • 3.11.3.2 Amine-based post-combustion CO₂ absorption
    • 3.11.3.3 Physical absorption solvents
    • 3.11.3.4 Emerging Solvents for Carbon Capture
    • 3.11.3.5 Chilled Ammonia Process (CAP)
    • 3.11.3.6 Molten Borates
    • 3.11.3.7 Costs
    • 3.11.3.8 Alternatives to Solvent-Based Carbon Capture
  • 3.11.4 Oxy-fuel combustion
    • 3.11.4.1 Oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
    • 3.11.4.2 Chemical Looping-Based Capture
  • 3.11.5 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
  • 3.11.6 Pre-combustion
• 3.12 Carbon separation technologies
  • 3.12.1 Absorption capture
  • 3.12.2 Adsorption capture
    • 3.12.2.1 Solid sorbent-based CO₂ separation
    • 3.12.2.2 Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents
    • 3.12.2.3 Zeolite-based adsorbents
    • 3.12.2.4 Solid amine-based adsorbents
    • 3.12.2.5 Carbon-based adsorbents
    • 3.12.2.6 Polymer-based adsorbents
    • 3.12.2.7 Solid sorbents in pre-combustion
    • 3.12.2.8 Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS)
    • 3.12.2.9 Solid sorbents in post-combustion
  • 3.12.3 Membranes
    • 3.12.3.1 Membrane-based CO₂ separation
    • 3.12.3.2 Gas Separation Membranes
    • 3.12.3.3 Post-combustion CO₂ capture
    • 3.12.3.4 Facilitated transport membranes
    • 3.12.3.5 Pre-combustion capture
    • 3.12.3.6 Advanced membrane materials
      • 3.12.3.6.1 Graphene-based membranes
      • 3.12.3.6.2 Metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes
    • 3.12.3.7 Membranes for Direct Air Capture
  • 3.12.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture
  • 3.12.5 Calcium Looping
    • 3.12.5.1 Calix Advanced Calciner
  • 3.12.6 Other technologies
    • 3.12.6.1 LEILAC process
    • 3.12.6.2 CO₂ capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
    • 3.12.6.3 CO₂ capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
    • 3.12.6.4 Microalgae Carbon Capture
  • 3.12.7 Comparison of key separation technologies
  • 3.12.8 Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
• 3.13 Opportunities and barriers
• 3.14 Costs of CO2 capture
• 3.15 CO2 capture capacity
• 3.16 Direct air capture (DAC)
  • 3.16.1 Technology description
    • 3.16.1.1 Sorbent-based CO2 Capture
    • 3.16.1.2 Solvent-based CO2 Capture
    • 3.16.1.3 DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes
    • 3.16.1.4 Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC
    • 3.16.1.5 Solid and liquid DAC
  • 3.16.2 Advantages of DAC
  • 3.16.3 Deployment
  • 3.16.4 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
  • 3.16.5 Technologies
    • 3.16.5.1 Solid sorbents
    • 3.16.5.2 Liquid sorbents
    • 3.16.5.3 Liquid solvents
    • 3.16.5.4 Airflow equipment integration
    • 3.16.5.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
    • 3.16.5.6 Direct conversion
    • 3.16.5.7 Co-product generation
    • 3.16.5.8 Low Temperature DAC
    • 3.16.5.9 Regeneration methods
  • 3.16.6 Electricity and Heat Sources
  • 3.16.7 Commercialization and plants
  • 3.16.8 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
  • 3.16.9 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
  • 3.16.10 Capacity forecasts
  • 3.16.11 Costs
  • 3.16.12 Market challenges for DAC
  • 3.16.13 Market prospects for direct air capture
  • 3.16.14 Players and production
  • 3.16.15 Co2 utilization pathways
  • 3.16.16 Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
• 3.17 Hybrid Capture Systems
• 3.18 Artificial Intelligence in Carbon Capture
• 3.19 Integration with Renewable Energy Systems
• 3.20 Mobile Carbon Capture Solutions
• 3.21 Carbon Capture Retrofitting

4 CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL

• 4.1 Conventional CDR on land
  • 4.1.1 Wetland and peatland restoration
  • 4.1.2 Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry
• 4.2 Technological CDR Solutions
• 4.3 Main CDR methods
• 4.4 Novel CDR methods
• 4.5 Value chain
• 4.6 Deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies
• 4.7 Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
• 4.8 Carbon Credits
  • 4.8.1 Description
  • 4.8.2 Carbon pricing
  • 4.8.3 Carbon Removal vs Carbon Avoidance Offsetting
  • 4.8.4 Carbon credit certification
  • 4.8.5 Carbon registries
  • 4.8.6 Carbon credit quality
  • 4.8.7 Voluntary Carbon Credits
    • 4.8.7.1 Definition
    • 4.8.7.2 Purchasing
    • 4.8.7.3 Key Market Players and Projects
    • 4.8.7.4 Pricing
  • 4.8.8 Compliance Carbon Credits
    • 4.8.8.1 Definition
    • 4.8.8.2 Market players
    • 4.8.8.3 Pricing
  • 4.8.9 Durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) credits
  • 4.8.10 Corporate commitments
  • 4.8.11 Increasing government support and regulations
  • 4.8.12 Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring
  • 4.8.13 Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading
  • 4.8.14 Buying and Selling Carbon Credits
    • 4.8.14.1 Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms
    • 4.8.14.2 Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions
    • 4.8.14.3 Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices
  • 4.8.15 Certification
  • 4.8.16 Challenges and risks
• 4.9 Monitoring, reporting, and verification
• 4.10 Government policies
• 4.11 Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS)
  • 4.11.1 Feedstocks
  • 4.11.2 BiCRS Conversion Pathways
• 4.12 BECCS
  • 4.12.1 Technology overview
    • 4.12.1.1 Point Source Capture Technologies for BECCS
    • 4.12.1.2 Energy efficiency
    • 4.12.1.3 Heat generation
    • 4.12.1.4 Waste-to-Energy
    • 4.12.1.5 Blue Hydrogen Production
  • 4.12.2 Biomass conversion
  • 4.12.3 CO₂ capture technologies
  • 4.12.4 BECCS facilities
  • 4.12.5 Cost analysis
  • 4.12.6 BECCS carbon credits
  • 4.12.7 Sustainability
  • 4.12.8 Challenges
• 4.13 Mineralization-based CDR
  • 4.13.1 Overview
  • 4.13.2 Storage in CO₂-Derived Concrete
  • 4.13.3 Oxide Looping
  • 4.13.4 Enhanced Weathering
    • 4.13.4.1 Overview
    • 4.13.4.2 Benefits
    • 4.13.4.3 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
    • 4.13.4.4 Applications
    • 4.13.4.5 Commercial activity and companies
    • 4.13.4.6 Challenges and Risks
  • 4.13.5 Cost analysis
  • 4.13.6 SWOT analysis
• 4.14 Afforestation/Reforestation
  • 4.14.1 Overview
  • 4.14.2 Carbon dioxide removal methods
    • 4.14.2.1 Nature-based CDR
    • 4.14.2.2 Land-based CDR
  • 4.14.3 Technologies
    • 4.14.3.1 Remote Sensing
    • 4.14.3.2 Drone technology and robotics
    • 4.14.3.3 Automated forest fire detection systems
    • 4.14.3.4 AI/ML
    • 4.14.3.5 Genetics
  • 4.14.4 Trends and Opportunities
  • 4.14.5 Challenges and Risks
    • 4.14.5.1 SWOT analysis
    • 4.14.5.2 Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
      • 4.14.5.2.1 Overview
      • 4.14.5.2.2 Practices
      • 4.14.5.2.3 Measuring and Verifying
      • 4.14.5.2.4 Trends and Opportunities
      • 4.14.5.2.5 Carbon credits
      • 4.14.5.2.6 Challenges and Risks
      • 4.14.5.2.7 SWOT analysis
    • 4.14.5.3 Biochar
      • 4.14.5.3.1 What is biochar?
      • 4.14.5.3.2 Carbon sequestration
      • 4.14.5.3.3 Properties of biochar
      • 4.14.5.3.4 Feedstocks
      • 4.14.5.3.5 Production processes
        • 4.14.5.3.5.1 Sustainable production
        • 4.14.5.3.5.2 Pyrolysis
          • 4.14.5.3.5.2.1 Slow pyrolysis
          • 4.14.5.3.5.2.2 Fast pyrolysis
        • 4.14.5.3.5.3 Gasification
        • 4.14.5.3.5.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
        • 4.14.5.3.5.5 Torrefaction
        • 4.14.5.3.5.6 Equipment manufacturers
      • 4.14.5.3.6 Biochar pricing
      • 4.14.5.3.7 Biochar carbon credits
        • 4.14.5.3.7.1 Overview
        • 4.14.5.3.7.2 Removal and reduction credits
        • 4.14.5.3.7.3 The advantage of biochar
        • 4.14.5.3.7.4 Prices
        • 4.14.5.3.7.5 Buyers of biochar credits
        • 4.14.5.3.7.6 Competitive materials and technologies
      • 4.14.5.3.8 Bio-oil based CDR
      • 4.14.5.3.9 Biomass burial for CO₂ removal
      • 4.14.5.3.10 Bio-based construction materials for CDR
      • 4.14.5.3.11 SWOT analysis
• 4.15 Ocean-based CDR
  • 4.15.1 Overview
  • 4.15.2 CO₂ capture from seawater
  • 4.15.3 Ocean fertilisation
    • 4.15.3.1 Biotic Methods
    • 4.15.3.2 Coastal blue carbon ecosystems
    • 4.15.3.3 Algal Cultivation
    • 4.15.3.4 Artificial Upwelling
  • 4.15.4 Ocean alkalinisation
    • 4.15.4.1 Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement
    • 4.15.4.2 Direct Ocean Capture
    • 4.15.4.3 Artificial Downwelling
  • 4.15.5 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
  • 4.15.6 Ocean-based CDR Carbon Credits
  • 4.15.7 Trends and Opportunities
  • 4.15.8 Ocean-based carbon credits
  • 4.15.9 Cost analysis
  • 4.15.10 Challenges and Risks
  • 4.15.11 SWOT analysis
  • 4.15.12 Companies

5 CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION

• 5.1 Overview
  • 5.1.1 Current market status
• 5.2 Competition with other low carbon technologies
• 5.3 Carbon utilization business models
  • 5.3.1 Benefits of carbon utilization
  • 5.3.2 Market challenges
• 5.4 Co2 utilization pathways
• 5.5 Conversion processes
  • 5.5.1 Thermochemical
    • 5.5.1.1 Process overview
    • 5.5.1.2 Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
  • 5.5.2 Electrochemical conversion of CO2
    • 5.5.2.1 Process overview
  • 5.5.3 Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
  • 5.5.4 Catalytic conversion of CO2
  • 5.5.5 Biological conversion of CO2
  • 5.5.6 Copolymerization of CO2
  • 5.5.7 Mineral carbonation
• 5.6 CO2-Utilization in Fuels
  • 5.6.1 Overview
  • 5.6.2 Production routes
  • 5.6.3 CO₂ -fuels in road vehicles
  • 5.6.4 CO₂ -fuels in shipping
  • 5.6.5 CO₂ -fuels in aviation
  • 5.6.6 Green hydrogen for e-fuels
  • 5.6.7 Production routes
  • 5.6.8 Costs of e-fuel
  • 5.6.9 Power-to-methane
    • 5.6.9.1 Thermocatalytic pathway to e-methane
    • 5.6.9.2 Biological fermentation
    • 5.6.9.3 Costs
  • 5.6.10 Algae based biofuels
  • 5.6.11 DAC for e-fuels
  • 5.6.12 Syngas Production Options
  • 5.6.13 CO₂-fuels from solar
  • 5.6.14 Companies
  • 5.6.15 Challenges
  • 5.6.16 Global market forecasts
• 5.7 CO2-Utilization in Chemicals
  • 5.7.1 Overview
  • 5.7.2 Carbon nanostructures
  • 5.7.3 Scalability
  • 5.7.4 Pathways
    • 5.7.4.1 Thermochemical
    • 5.7.4.2 Electrochemical
      • 5.7.4.2.1 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction
      • 5.7.4.2.2 High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
      • 5.7.4.2.3 Coupling H2 and Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction
    • 5.7.4.3 Microbial conversion
    • 5.7.4.4 Other
      • 5.7.4.4.1 Photocatalytic
      • 5.7.4.4.2 Plasma technology
  • 5.7.5 Applications
    • 5.7.5.1 Urea production
    • 5.7.5.2 CO₂-derived polymers
      • 5.7.5.2.1 Pathways
      • 5.7.5.2.2 Polycarbonate from CO₂
      • 5.7.5.2.3 Methanol to olefins (polypropylene production)
      • 5.7.5.2.4 Ethanol to polymers
    • 5.7.5.3 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
  • 5.7.6 Companies
  • 5.7.7 Global market forecasts
• 5.8 CO₂-Utilization in Carbon Materials
  • 5.8.1 Overview
  • 5.8.2 The triple-revenue thesis
  • 5.8.3 Production routes
  • 5.8.4 Output materials
  • 5.8.5 Net-negative carbon claim quantification
  • 5.8.6 Pricing comparison
  • 5.8.7 Market forecasts
• 5.9 CO2-Utilization in Construction and Building Materials
  • 5.9.1 Overview
  • 5.9.2 Market drivers
  • 5.9.3 Key CO₂ utilization technologies in construction
  • 5.9.4 Carbonated aggregates
  • 5.9.5 Additives during mixing
  • 5.9.6 Concrete curing
  • 5.9.7 Costs
  • 5.9.8 Market trends and business models
  • 5.9.9 Carbon credits
  • 5.9.10 Companies
  • 5.9.11 Challenges
  • 5.9.12 Global market forecasts
• 5.10 CO2-Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
  • 5.10.1 Overview
  • 5.10.2 CO₂ utilization in biological processes
  • 5.10.3 Applications
    • 5.10.3.1 Greenhouses
      • 5.10.3.1.1 CO₂ enrichment
    • 5.10.3.2 Algae cultivation
      • 5.10.3.2.1 CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems
      • 5.10.3.2.2 CO₂-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems
    • 5.10.3.3 Microbial conversion
    • 5.10.3.4 Food and feed production
  • 5.10.4 Companies
  • 5.10.5 Global market forecasts
• 5.11 CO₂ Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
  • 5.11.1 Overview
    • 5.11.1.1 Process
    • 5.11.1.2 CO₂ sources
  • 5.11.2 CO₂-EOR facilities and projects
  • 5.11.3 Challenges
  • 5.11.4 Global market forecasts
• 5.12 Enhanced mineralization
  • 5.12.1 Advantages
  • 5.12.2 In situ and ex-situ mineralization
  • 5.12.3 Enhanced mineralization pathways
  • 5.12.4 Challenges
• 5.13 Digital Solutions and IoT in Carbon Utilization
• 5.14 Blockchain Applications in Carbon Trading
• 5.15 Carbon Utilization in Data Centers
• 5.16 Integration with Smart City Infrastructure
• 5.17 Novel Applications
  • 5.17.1 3D Printing with CO2-derived Materials
  • 5.17.2 CO2 in Energy Storage
  • 5.17.3 CO2 in Electronics Manufacturing

6 CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE

• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 CO2 storage sites
  • 6.2.1 Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
  • 6.2.2 Oil and gas fields
  • 6.2.3 Saline formations
  • 6.2.4 Coal seams and shale
  • 6.2.5 Basalts and ultra-mafic rocks
• 6.3 CO₂ leakage
• 6.4 Global CO2 storage capacity
• 6.5 CO₂ Storage Projects
• 6.6 CO₂ -EOR
  • 6.6.1 Description
  • 6.6.2 Injected CO₂
  • 6.6.3 CO₂ capture with CO₂ -EOR facilities
  • 6.6.4 Companies
  • 6.6.5 Economics
• 6.7 Costs
• 6.8 Challenges
• 6.9 Storage Monitoring Technologies
• 6.10 Underground Hydrogen Storage Synergies
• 6.11 Advanced Modelling and Simulation
• 6.12 Storage Site Selection Criteria
• 6.13 Risk Assessment and Management

7 CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTATION

• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 CO₂ transportation methods and conditions
• 7.3 CO₂ transportation by pipeline
• 7.4 CO₂ transportation by ship
• 7.5 CO₂ transportation by rail and truck
• 7.6 Cost analysis of different methods
• 7.7 Smart Pipeline Networks
• 7.8 Transportation Hubs and Infrastructure
• 7.9 Safety Systems and Monitoring
• 7.10 Future Transportation Technologies
• 7.11 Companies

8 COMPANY PROFILES (395 company profiles)

9 APPENDICES

• 9.1 Abbreviations
• 9.2 Research Methodology
• 9.3 Definition of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)
• 9.4 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)

10 REFERENCES