시장보고서
상품코드
1664975

자동차 부동액 시장 보고서 : 동향, 예측, 경쟁 분석(-2031년)

Automotive Antifreeze Market Report: Trends, Forecast and Competitive Analysis to 2031

발행일: | 리서치사: Lucintel | 페이지 정보: 영문 150 Pages | 배송안내 : 3일 (영업일 기준)

    
    
    




■ 보고서에 따라 최신 정보로 업데이트하여 보내드립니다. 배송일정은 문의해 주시기 바랍니다.

자동차 부동액 세계 시장의 미래는 승용차, 상용차, 건설 차량 시장에서 기회가 있는 유망한 시장입니다. 세계 자동차 부동액 시장은 2025년부터 2031년까지 5.5%의 CAGR로 2031년까지 약 103억 달러에 달할 것으로 예상됩니다. 이 시장의 주요 촉진요인은 고성능 자동차에 대한 수요 증가와 친환경 바이오 기반 냉각수 및 부동액에 대한 선호도 증가입니다.

  • Lucintel의 예측에 따르면, 유체 유형별로는 에틸렌글리콜 부문이 예측 기간 동안 가장 높은 성장률을 보일 것으로 예상됩니다.
  • 용도별로는 상용차가 예측 기간 동안 가장 높은 성장을 보일 것으로 예상됩니다.
  • 지역별로는 아시아태평양이 예측 기간 동안 가장 높은 성장을 보일 것으로 예상됩니다.

자동차 부동액 시장의 전략적 성장 기회

자동차 부동액 시장은 다양한 응용 분야에서 몇 가지 전략적 성장 기회를 제시하고 있습니다. 이러한 기회는 기술 발전, 규제 변화, 소비자 선호도 변화로 인해 발생할 수 있습니다.

  • 장수명 처방의 성장 : 장수명 부동액에 대한 수요는 성장 기회를 가져옵니다. 이 제품들은 사용 주기가 길고, 유지보수 비용을 절감하며, 편리함을 추구하는 소비자들에게 어필할 수 있습니다.
  • 친환경 제품 채택 : 친환경 부동액 제품의 증가는 성장 기회를 창출합니다. 제조업체는 환경 규제와 소비자의 기대에 부응하는 저독성 및 생분해성 솔루션을 개발함으로써 시장 점유율을 확보할 수 있습니다.
  • 첨가제 기술의 발전 : 부동액에 고급 첨가제를 배합할 수 있는 기회가 존재합니다. 강화된 첨가제는 제품 성능과 엔진 보호 성능을 향상시켜 제조업체에 경쟁 우위를 가져다 줄 수 있습니다.
  • 첨단 냉각 시스템과의 통합 : 부동액과 새로운 냉각 기술과의 통합은 성장 잠재력을 가지고 있습니다. 제조업체는 엔진 효율을 높이고 기술 발전에 대응하는 제품을 개발함으로써 혁신을 이룰 수 있습니다.
  • 저렴한 가격의 솔루션에 집중 : 비용 효율적인 부동액 제품 생산은 성장 기회가 있습니다. 특히 신흥 시장에서 저렴한 솔루션에 대한 수요를 충족시킴으로써 시장 확대와 접근성 향상을 기대할 수 있습니다.

이러한 전략적 성장 기회는 자동차 부동액 시장의 변화하는 상황을 잘 보여줍니다. 이러한 기회를 활용하는 제조업체는 시장 수요와 규제 요건에 대응함으로써 성공의 발판을 마련할 수 있습니다.

자동차 부동액 시장 활성화 요인 및 과제

자동차 부동액 시장은 기술 발전, 경제 요인, 규제 변화 등 다양한 시장 촉진요인 및 과제에 영향을 받고 있습니다. 이러한 요인은 산업의 성장과 발전을 형성합니다.

자동차 부동액 시장을 이끄는 요인은 다음과 같습니다:

  • 기술 발전 : 부동액 배합 및 첨가제 혁신이 시장 성장을 주도하고 있습니다. 첨단 기술은 성능 향상, 수명 연장, 엔진 보호 강화, 수요 확대에 기여하고 있습니다.
  • 환경 규제 강화 : 자동차 유체에 대한 규제가 강화되면서 친환경 부동액 제품의 채택이 촉진되고 있습니다. 개발업체들은 환경 기준을 준수하기 위해 저독성 및 생분해성 솔루션을 개발하고 있습니다.
  • 성능에 대한 소비자 수요 : 고성능, 내구성이 뛰어난 부동액 제품에 대한 소비자의 기대치가 높아지면서 시장 동향에 영향을 미치고 있습니다. 우수한 보호 기능을 제공하는 장수명 포뮬러와 고급 첨가제에 대한 수요가 있습니다.
  • 신흥 시장의 경제 성장 : 신흥 시장의 경제 성장 : 신흥 시장의 자동차 부문 확대는 부동액 제조업체에게 기회를 가져다주고 있습니다. 자동차 보유대수 증가와 유지보수 수요 증가로 부동액 제품 수요가 증가하고 있습니다.
  • 비용 효율성 중시 : 비용 효율적인 부동액 솔루션에 대한 요구가 기술 혁신의 원동력이 되고 있습니다. 신흥국 시장은 다양한 시장 요구에 부응하여 성능과 경제성의 균형을 맞춘 제품을 개발하고 있습니다.

자동차 부동액 시장의 과제는 다음과 같습니다:

  • 규제 대응 비용 : 엄격한 환경 규제를 충족하는 것은 생산 비용을 증가시킬 수 있습니다. 제조사들은 규제에 부합하는 제품 개발에 투자해야 하며, 이는 가격 책정 및 수익성에 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다.
  • 원자재 가격 변동 : 원자재 가격 변동은 부동액 제조 비용에 영향을 미칩니다. 가격 변동은 수익률에 영향을 미치고, 경쟁력 있는 가격을 유지하는 데 어려움을 겪습니다.
  • 기술 통합 문제 : 신기술과 기존 부동액과의 통합은 복잡할 수 있습니다. 제조업체는 첨단 기술을 채택하는 동시에 호환성과 성능을 보장해야 하는 문제에 직면할 수 있습니다.

자동차 부동액 시장은 성장과 시장 개척에 영향을 미치는 다양한 촉진요인 및 과제에 의해 형성되고 있습니다. 제조업체가 경쟁이 치열하고 진화하는 시장에서 성공하기 위해서는 이러한 요인들을 해결하는 것이 매우 중요합니다.

목차

제1장 주요 요약

제2장 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 : 시장 역학

  • 소개, 배경, 분류
  • 공급망
  • 업계 성장 촉진요인과 과제

제3장 시장 동향과 예측 분석(2019-2031년)

  • 거시경제 동향(2019-2024년)과 예측(2025-2031년)
  • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 동향(2019-2024년)과 예측(2025-2031년)
  • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 : 액체 종류별
    • 에틸렌글리콜
    • 프로필렌 글리콜
    • 글리세린
  • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 : 기술별
    • 무기 첨가제 기술(IAT)
    • 유기산 기술(OAT)
    • 하이브리드 유기산 기술(HOAT)
  • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 : 용도별
    • 승용차
    • 상용차
    • 건설 차량
  • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 : 유통 채널별
    • OEM
    • 애프터마켓

제4장 지역별 시장 동향과 예측 분석(2019-2031년)

  • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 : 지역별
  • 북미의 자동차 부동액 시장
  • 유럽의 자동차 부동액 시장
  • 아시아태평양의 자동차 부동액 시장
  • 기타 지역의 자동차 부동액 시장

제5장 경쟁 분석

  • 제품 포트폴리오 분석
  • 운영 통합
  • Porter's Five Forces 분석

제6장 성장 기회와 전략 분석

  • 성장 기회 분석
    • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 성장 기회 : 액체 종류별
    • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 성장 기회 : 기술별
    • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 성장 기회 : 용도별
    • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 성장 기회 : 유통 채널별
    • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 성장 기회 : 지역별
  • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 최신 동향
  • 전략적 분석
    • 신제품 개발
    • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 생산능력 확대
    • 세계의 자동차 부동액 시장 기업 인수합병(M&A), 합작투자
    • 인증과 라이선싱

제7장 주요 기업 개요

  • Halfords Group
  • EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION
  • Prestone Products Corporation
  • Chevron Corporation
  • MOTUL
  • CASTROL
  • ROCK OIL REFINING
  • Valvoline
  • TOTAL
  • ROYAL DUTCH SHELL
ksm 25.03.27

The future of the global automotive antifreeze market looks promising with opportunities in the passenger vehicle, commercial vehicle, and construction vehicle markets. The global automotive antifreeze market is expected to reach an estimated $10.3 billion by 2031 with a CAGR of 5.5% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the increasing demand for high-performance automobiles and a growing preference for environment-friendly and bio-based coolants and antifreeze.

  • Lucintel forecasts that, within the fluid type category, the ethylene glycol segment is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.
  • Within the application category, commercial vehicle is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.
  • In terms of region, APAC is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.

Gain valuable insights for your business decisions with our comprehensive 150+ page report.

Emerging Trends in the Automotive Antifreeze Market

The automotive antifreeze market is shaped by key trends focused on performance, sustainability, and technological integration. These trends reflect the industry's response to evolving environmental and consumer demands.

  • Shift to Extended-Life Formulations: Extended-life antifreeze products are becoming more common due to their longer service intervals. These formulations reduce maintenance needs and improve engine protection, offering cost savings and convenience.
  • Rise of Eco-Friendly Products: There is a growing demand for eco-friendly antifreeze solutions. Manufacturers are developing low-toxicity and biodegradable products to meet environmental regulations and appeal to environmentally-conscious consumers.
  • Incorporation of Advanced Additives: Advanced additives are enhancing antifreeze performance. These additives improve thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and overall engine protection, extending the lifespan of antifreeze products and improving vehicle efficiency.
  • Integration with New Cooling Technologies: Antifreeze solutions are increasingly being integrated with advanced cooling technologies. This integration enhances engine performance and efficiency, aligning with the latest automotive innovations.
  • Focus on Cost-Effective Solutions: As automotive markets grow, there is a trend towards more affordable antifreeze products that offer reliable performance. Cost-effective solutions are gaining traction, especially in emerging markets where budget constraints are significant.

These trends are reshaping the automotive antifreeze market by enhancing product performance, sustainability, and affordability. Manufacturers are responding to consumer demands and regulatory requirements, driving innovation and growth in the sector.

Recent Developments in the Automotive Antifreeze Market

Recent advancements in the automotive antifreeze market are characterized by technological innovations and changes driven by regulatory requirements. These developments focus on improving antifreeze performance, extending service life, and reducing environmental impact.

  • Extended-Life Antifreeze Formulations: New formulations of extended-life antifreeze are gaining popularity. These products provide longer protection intervals, reduce maintenance needs, and offer enhanced engine protection, aligning with the growing demand for convenience and cost-effectiveness.
  • Development of Biodegradable Products: Biodegradable antifreeze products are being introduced to meet stricter environmental regulations. These formulations are designed to minimize environmental impact and align with global sustainability goals.
  • Advancements in Additive Technologies: The integration of advanced additives in antifreeze solutions is improving performance. Innovations in additives enhance thermal stability and corrosion resistance, leading to longer-lasting and more efficient antifreeze products.
  • Technological Integration: Antifreeze products are increasingly integrated with advanced cooling technologies. This integration supports improved engine efficiency and performance, reflecting the latest developments in automotive technology.
  • Focus on Cost Efficiency: There is a trend towards developing more cost-effective antifreeze solutions. Manufacturers are creating products that balance performance with affordability, catering to diverse market needs and economic conditions.

These developments are driving significant changes in the automotive antifreeze market, with a focus on performance, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. The industry is evolving to meet the demands of both regulatory standards and consumer preferences.

Strategic Growth Opportunities for Automotive Antifreeze Market

The automotive antifreeze market presents several strategic growth opportunities across various applications. These opportunities are driven by advancements in technology, regulatory changes, and evolving consumer preferences.

  • Growth in Extended-Life Formulations: The demand for extended-life antifreeze formulations presents a growth opportunity. These products offer longer service intervals, reducing maintenance costs and appealing to consumers seeking convenience.
  • Adoption of Eco-Friendly Products: The rise in eco-friendly antifreeze products creates growth opportunities. Manufacturers can capture market share by developing low-toxicity and biodegradable solutions that meet environmental regulations and consumer expectations.
  • Advancements in Additive Technologies: Opportunities exist in integrating advanced additives into antifreeze solutions. Enhanced additives improve product performance and engine protection, creating a competitive advantage for manufacturers.
  • Integration with Advanced Cooling Systems: The integration of antifreeze with new cooling technologies offers growth potential. Manufacturers can innovate by developing products that enhance engine efficiency and align with technological advancements.
  • Focus on Affordable Solutions: There is a growth opportunity in producing cost-effective antifreeze products. Meeting the demand for affordable solutions, especially in emerging markets, can drive market expansion and increase accessibility.

These strategic growth opportunities highlight the evolving landscape of the automotive antifreeze market. Manufacturers that leverage these opportunities can position themselves for success by addressing market demands and regulatory requirements.

Automotive Antifreeze Market Driver and Challenges

The automotive antifreeze market is influenced by various drivers and challenges, including technological advancements, economic factors, and regulatory changes. These factors shape the industry's growth and development.

The factors responsible for driving the automotive antifreeze market include:

  • Technological Advancements: Innovations in antifreeze formulations and additives are driving market growth. Advanced technologies improve performance, extend service life, and enhance engine protection, contributing to increased demand.
  • Stricter Environmental Regulations: Increasing regulations on automotive fluids are driving the adoption of eco-friendly antifreeze products. Manufacturers are developing low-toxicity and biodegradable solutions to comply with environmental standards.
  • Consumer Demand for Performance: Growing consumer expectations for high-performance and durable antifreeze products are influencing market trends. There is a demand for extended-life formulations and advanced additives that offer superior protection.
  • Economic Growth in Emerging Markets: Expanding automotive sectors in emerging markets create opportunities for antifreeze manufacturers. The growth of vehicle ownership and increased maintenance needs drive demand for antifreeze products.
  • Focus on Cost Efficiency: The need for cost-effective antifreeze solutions is driving innovation. Manufacturers are developing products that balance performance with affordability, catering to diverse market needs.

Challenges in the automotive antifreeze market are:

  • Regulatory Compliance Costs: Meeting stringent environmental regulations can increase production costs. Manufacturers must invest in developing compliant products, which can impact pricing and profitability.
  • Fluctuating Raw Material Prices: The volatility of raw material prices affects the cost of antifreeze production. Price fluctuations can impact profit margins and pose challenges for maintaining competitive pricing.
  • Technological Integration Issues: Integrating new technologies with existing antifreeze formulations can be complex. Manufacturers may face challenges in ensuring compatibility and performance while adopting advanced technologies.

The automotive antifreeze market is shaped by a mix of drivers and challenges that impact growth and development. Addressing these factors is crucial for manufacturers to succeed in a competitive and evolving market.

List of Automotive Antifreeze Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. Through these strategies automotive antifreeze companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the automotive antifreeze companies profiled in this report include-

  • Halfords Group
  • EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION
  • Prestone Products Corporation
  • Chevron Corporation
  • MOTUL
  • CASTROL
  • ROCK OIL REFINING
  • Valvoline
  • TOTAL
  • ROYAL DUTCH SHELL

Automotive Antifreeze by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global automotive antifreeze market by fluid type, technology, application, distribution channel, and region.

Automotive Antifreeze Market by Fluid Type [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Ethylene Glycol
  • Propylene Glycol
  • Glycerin

Automotive Antifreeze Market by Technology [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Inorganic Additive Technology (IAT)
  • Organic Acid Technology (OAT)
  • Hybrid Organic Acid Technology (HOAT)

Automotive Antifreeze Market by Application [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Passenger Vehicle
  • Commercial Vehicle
  • Construction Vehicle

Automotive Antifreeze Market by Distribution Channel [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs)
  • Aftermarket

Automotive Antifreeze Market by Region [Analysis by Value from 2019 to 2031]:

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • The Rest of the World

Country Wise Outlook for the Automotive Antifreeze Market

Major players in the market are expanding their operations and forming strategic partnerships to strengthen their positions. The below image highlights recent developments by major automotive antifreeze producers in key regions: the USA, China, India, Japan, and Germany

  • United States: In the U.S., there is a shift towards using extended-life antifreeze solutions that offer improved durability and reduced maintenance intervals. Enhanced formulations incorporating advanced organic acid technology are gaining popularity for their superior engine protection and environmental benefits.
  • China: China is experiencing a rise in the adoption of low-toxicity and biodegradable antifreeze products. This shift aligns with the country's stricter environmental regulations and efforts to reduce pollution from automotive fluids.
  • Germany: The German market is seeing increased demand for high-performance antifreeze solutions that meet stringent emission standards. Advances in additive technology are improving thermal stability and corrosion resistance, contributing to longer-lasting antifreeze products.
  • India: In India, the focus is on cost-effective antifreeze formulations that provide reliable performance in diverse climatic conditions. There is a growing interest in products that offer good protection at lower costs, catering to the expanding automotive sector.
  • Japan: Japan is leading in the development of technologically advanced antifreeze solutions that integrate with new cooling technologies. Emphasis is on products that enhance engine efficiency and comply with rigorous environmental regulations.

Features of the Global Automotive Antifreeze Market

Market Size Estimates: Automotive antifreeze market size estimation in terms of value ($B).

Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.

Segmentation Analysis: Automotive antifreeze market size by various segments, such as by fluid type, technology, application, distribution channel, and region in terms of value ($B).

Regional Analysis: Automotive antifreeze market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.

Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different fluid types, technologies, applications, distribution channels, and regions for the automotive antifreeze market.

Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the automotive antifreeze market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

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This report answers following 11 key questions:

  • Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the automotive antifreeze market by fluid type (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerin), technology (inorganic additive technology (IAT), organic acid technology (OAT), and hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT)), application (passenger vehicle, commercial vehicle, and construction vehicle), distribution channel (original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and aftermarket), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
  • Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
  • Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
  • Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
  • Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
  • Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
  • Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
  • Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
  • Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
  • Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Global Automotive Antifreeze Market: Market Dynamics

  • 2.1: Introduction, Background, and Classifications
  • 2.2: Supply Chain
  • 2.3: Industry Drivers and Challenges

3. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis from 2019 to 2031

  • 3.1. Macroeconomic Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
  • 3.2. Global Automotive Antifreeze Market Trends (2019-2024) and Forecast (2025-2031)
  • 3.3: Global Automotive Antifreeze Market by Fluid Type
    • 3.3.1: Ethylene Glycol
    • 3.3.2: Propylene Glycol
    • 3.3.3: Glycerin
  • 3.4: Global Automotive Antifreeze Market by Technology
    • 3.4.1: Inorganic Additive Technology (IAT)
    • 3.4.2: Organic Acid Technology (OAT)
    • 3.4.3: Hybrid Organic Acid Technology (HOAT)
  • 3.5: Global Automotive Antifreeze Market by Application
    • 3.5.1: Passenger Vehicle
    • 3.5.2: Commercial Vehicle
    • 3.5.3: Construction Vehicle
  • 3.6: Global Automotive Antifreeze Market by Distribution Channel
    • 3.6.1: Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs)
    • 3.6.2: Aftermarket

4. Market Trends and Forecast Analysis by Region from 2019 to 2031

  • 4.1: Global Automotive Antifreeze Market by Region
  • 4.2: North American Automotive Antifreeze Market
    • 4.2.1: North American Automotive Antifreeze Market by Application: Passenger Vehicle, Commercial Vehicle, and Construction Vehicle
    • 4.2.2: North American Automotive Antifreeze Market by Distribution Channel: Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and Aftermarket
  • 4.3: European Automotive Antifreeze Market
    • 4.3.1: European Automotive Antifreeze Market by Application: Passenger Vehicle, Commercial Vehicle, and Construction Vehicle
    • 4.3.2: European Automotive Antifreeze Market by Distribution Channel: Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and Aftermarket
  • 4.4: APAC Automotive Antifreeze Market
    • 4.4.1: APAC Automotive Antifreeze Market by Application: Passenger Vehicle, Commercial Vehicle, and Construction Vehicle
    • 4.4.2: APAC Automotive Antifreeze Market by Distribution Channel: Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and Aftermarket
  • 4.5: ROW Automotive Antifreeze Market
    • 4.5.1: ROW Automotive Antifreeze Market by Application: Passenger Vehicle, Commercial Vehicle, and Construction Vehicle
    • 4.5.2: ROW Automotive Antifreeze Market by Distribution Channel: Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and Aftermarket

5. Competitor Analysis

  • 5.1: Product Portfolio Analysis
  • 5.2: Operational Integration
  • 5.3: Porter's Five Forces Analysis

6. Growth Opportunities and Strategic Analysis

  • 6.1: Growth Opportunity Analysis
    • 6.1.1: Growth Opportunities for the Global Automotive Antifreeze Market by Fluid Type
    • 6.1.2: Growth Opportunities for the Global Automotive Antifreeze Market by Technology
    • 6.1.3: Growth Opportunities for the Global Automotive Antifreeze Market by Application
    • 6.1.4: Growth Opportunities for the Global Automotive Antifreeze Market by Distribution Channel
    • 6.1.5: Growth Opportunities for the Global Automotive Antifreeze Market by Region
  • 6.2: Emerging Trends in the Global Automotive Antifreeze Market
  • 6.3: Strategic Analysis
    • 6.3.1: New Product Development
    • 6.3.2: Capacity Expansion of the Global Automotive Antifreeze Market
    • 6.3.3: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures in the Global Automotive Antifreeze Market
    • 6.3.4: Certification and Licensing

7. Company Profiles of Leading Players

  • 7.1: Halfords Group
  • 7.2: EXXON MOBIL CORPORATION
  • 7.3: Prestone Products Corporation
  • 7.4: Chevron Corporation
  • 7.5: MOTUL
  • 7.6: CASTROL
  • 7.7: ROCK OIL REFINING
  • 7.8: Valvoline
  • 7.9: TOTAL
  • 7.10: ROYAL DUTCH SHELL
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