열 라미네이트 필름 시장 보고서 : 동향, 예측, 경쟁 분석(-2031년)

The future of the global thermal lamination film market looks promising with opportunities in the industrial printing and commercial printing markets. The global thermal lamination film market is expected to grow with a CAGR of 2.3% from 2025 to 2031. The major drivers for this market are the increasing demand for packaged products, the growing usage in print finishing, and the rising need for product protection.

• Lucintel forecasts that, within the type category, BOPP based is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.
• Within the application category, commercial printing is expected to witness higher growth.
• In terms of region, APAC is expected to witness the highest growth over the forecast period.

Emerging Trends in the Thermal Lamination Film Market

The thermal lamination film industry is facing a revolution, with changing industry needs, technology growth, and increasing focus on sustainability. These emerging trends are revolutionizing product creation, application processes, and market strategies. With companies looking to improve product beauty, strength, and eco-friendliness, these changes are driving unique film formulations and increasing use of the film in various industries.

• Growing Need for Sustainable and Green Films: A key trend is the growing need for thermal lamination films that are green. These are films composed of recycled materials (post-industrial or post-consumer), bio-based polymers (such as PLA), or those formulated for enhanced recyclability. Companies are making investments in research and development to formulate films with smaller carbon footprints, lesser volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, and greater biodegradability. This is led by tighter environmental regulations, sustainability aspirations of companies, and increased consumer demand for eco-friendly packaging solutions, resulting in substantial advancements in material science.
• Alignment with Digital Printing Technologies: The growth of digital printing, with the ability to print smaller runs, variable data printing, and faster turnaround times, is strongly influencing the thermal lamination film market. One major trend is the creation of thermal lamination films specifically designed to bond well with digital toners and inks. Such "digital-ready" films avoid adhesion problems and deliver a smooth finish to digitally printed items. This compatibility enables added aesthetic and protection qualities for personalized and on-demand print orders, which increases market for both sectors.
• Functional and Specialty Film Development: Beyond basic protection and aesthetic enhancement, there is a growing trend towards functional and specialty thermal lamination films. This includes films with anti-scratch properties, anti-bacterial coatings, UV protection, anti-fingerprint surfaces, and even holographic or metallic effects. These films offer added value and cater to specific industry needs, such as ensuring hygiene in food packaging or providing brand security features. This diversification allows manufacturers to offer premium products and tap into niche markets with specialized requirements.
• Expansion in Flexible Packaging Uses: Though historically dominant in commercial print and rigid packaging, thermal lamination films are finding increasing usage within flexible packaging, especially for food and consumer packaging. This is being necessitated by the demands for greater barrier properties, improved shelf presentation, and ruggedness in flexible forms such as pouches and sachets. Producers are creating thermal films with very good bond strength, chemical resistance, and printability to meet demands for intricate flexible packaging arrangements safeguarding contents and engaging customers.
• Automation and Industry 4.0 Integration Within Laminating Processes: The market for thermal lamination films is experiencing a shift towards increased automation and integration with Industry 4.0 concepts in production and use. It includes the employment of smart machines, real-time tracking, and data analytics to streamline lamination processes, minimize waste, and maximize efficiency. Automated equipment provides uniform film application, accurate temperature control, and enhanced speed of production. The trend increases productivity, minimizes labor costs, and provides better quality output, making lamination more efficient and cost-effective for high-volume runs.

These new trends are combined to transform the thermal lamination film market as a whole toward increased sustainability, technological advancement, and wider application. The demand for green and functional films meets concerns about the environment and varied industry demands, while digital printing integration opens up markets. In addition, increasing flexible packaging and automation adoption are improving efficiency and creating new opportunities for innovation, leading to a more vibrant and value-driven marketplace.

Recent Developments in the Thermal Lamination Film Market

The thermal lamination film market is witnessing a time of immense innovation and adjustment based on evolving industry needs, advancements in technology, and greater emphasis on sustainability. These developments are revolutionizing product lamination, making it more attractive, and adding durability across industries. From improved material content to smoother application processes, the developments are influencing the entire supply chain of thermal lamination.

• Introduction of Reusable and Biodegradable Films: One significant recent innovation is the coordinated push by manufacturers to offer recyclable or biodegradable thermal lamination films. This has included researching and developing films based on materials such as bio-based polymers (e.g., PLA) or those aligning with current recycling streams (e.g., mono-material films). This innovation directly addresses worldwide calls to eliminate plastic waste and support corporate sustainability initiatives, offering more eco-friendly solutions for packaging and print finishing.
• Improved Scuff and Scratch Resistance Films: To address the needs of heavy-duty printed products and hardy packaging, recent innovations have emphasized the development of thermal lamination films with improved scuff and scratch resistance. These films utilize special coatings or material formulation that impart enhanced toughness, allowing printed graphics and packaging to remain in good condition even after heavy usage or shipping. This prolongs the visual life of products, especially useful for high-end products, book jackets, and high-wear printed products.
• Digitally Optimized Formulations: As digital printing has grown exponentially, one of the most important developments has been in the formulation of thermal lamination films that are specifically optimized to bond well with digital toners and inks. Older thermal films sometimes had trouble with the waxy nature of the digital print surface, delaminating or not sticking very well. New "digital" films provide better bond strength and clarity compared to digitally printed surfaces, guaranteeing high-quality output for shorter runs and individualized print jobs, and hence making digital printing a viable option in many applications.
• Creation of Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Viral Films: Following growing hygiene sensitivity, especially in the post-pandemic period, there has been a significant evolution of thermal lamination films that are anti-bacterial and even anti-viral in nature. Such films have antimicrobial additives introduced into the material, which prevent the growth of bacteria and viruses on the laminated surface. This is a highly applicable development for use in the healthcare sector, food packaging, menus, and other high-touch surfaces, making them safer and cleaner for consumers.
• Increased Use of Soft-Touch and Matte Finishes: One notable aesthetic trend is the increasing popularity and sophistication of ultra-matte and soft-touch thermal lamination films. These finishes create a rich, tactile feel that communicates high-end value to the printed product. Suppliers have concentrated on bettering the durability and consistency of these finishes, which has overcome past issues such as fingerprint marks. The trend is especially seen in luxury packaging, premium stationery, and high-end marketing materials, enabling brands to develop a unique sensory appeal.

These recent advances are collectively transforming the thermal lamination film market by stretching the limits of functionality, sustainability, and design. The launch of environmentally friendly, long-lasting, and specialty films responds to changing market needs and regulatory demands. Additionally, innovations in serving digital printing and hygiene issues are broadening application fields, cementing thermal lamination's status as a must-have tool to improve print and packaging quality in a rapidly changing industry.

Strategic Growth Opportunities in the Thermal Lamination Film Market

The market for thermal lamination film presents strong strategic growth opportunities in all key applications, supported by the continued requirements for product protection, aesthetic appeal, and in many areas, sustainability. Capturing these particular application fields is critical to the growth of market participants as a sustainable source of growth and competitive advantage. This arises because of the extensive versatility of thermal lamination films in supporting major value contributions from diverse kinds of products, ranging from printed materials to consumer goods packaging.

• Luxury Packaging and Premium Consumer Goods: This segment offers a high-value growth opportunity. Thermal lamination films, especially those with soft-touch, matte, or specialized finishes, are crucial for enhancing the perceived quality and aesthetic appeal of luxury packaging for cosmetics, electronics, apparel, and gourmet foods. Strategic growth involves developing innovative films that offer unique tactile experiences, superior scuff resistance, and vibrant color enhancement, catering to brands that prioritize premium presentation and consumer unboxing experiences to differentiate their products.
• Commercial Printing and Graphic Arts: The commercial printing sector, including brochures, magazines, books, and promotional materials, remains a core growth area. Thermal lamination protects these printed materials from wear, moisture, and UV damage, while also improving their visual appeal. Strategic opportunities include optimized films for digital printing, a wide range of finishes (gloss, matte, specialty), compatibility with various paper stocks so as to meet the requirements of printers when providing high-quality, durable output fitting their clients' needs for aesthetic value.
• Flexible Packaging for Food and Beverages: This is a fast-growing growth opportunity. Thermal lamination films, particularly multi-layer and barrier films, are found more and more in flexible packaging of food and beverages to extend shelf life, prevent moisture and oxygen ingress, and ensure print protection. Strategic growth is building food-safe, high-barrier thermal films compatible with all food product needs, such as retort applications, and enabling the transition from rigid to flexible packaging formats, which are convenient and material-saving.
• On-Demand Printing and Digital Print Finishing: The proliferation of digital printing, characterized by shorter runs and personalized content, creates a distinct growth opportunity. Thermal lamination films designed for digital prints ensure superior adhesion and finish quality on toners and inkjet inks. Strategic growth involves developing a comprehensive portfolio of digital-ready thermal films, including those for textured, metallic, or anti-scratch finishes, to support the growing demand for customized and on-demand printed products, which benefit greatly from enhanced durability and aesthetic appeal.
• Security and Anti-Counterfeiting Applications: One growing high-value growth opportunity involves security in thermal lamination films against counterfeiting. The potential includes films embedded with holograms, micro-text, tamper-evident properties, or other visible and invisible security elements. There is strategic growth in collaborating with brand owners and security printing companies for bespoke thermal lamination solutions protecting product authenticity and intellectual property, and ensuring consumer trust, especially in high-value industries such as pharmaceuticals, electronics, and luxury goods.

These strategic growth opportunities are set to significantly impact the thermal lamination film market by broadening its application scope and elevating its value proposition. By focusing on luxury packaging, digital print finishing, and the expanding flexible packaging sector, the market can drive innovation in film properties. Furthermore, capitalizing on anti-counterfeiting and commercial printing needs will solidify thermal lamination's indispensable role in enhancing product protection, aesthetics, and security across a diverse range of industries.

Thermal Lamination Film Market Driver and Challenges

The thermal lamination film market is influenced by intricate interactions of key drivers and challenges that include technological, economic, and regulatory factors. All these factors together determine the nature of market dynamics, impacting demand, supply, pricing models, and investment strategies for producers and end-users. It is important for stakeholders to comprehend these underlying forces in order to formulate viable strategies and cope with the challenges of this critical segment of the printing and packaging business.

The factors responsible for driving the thermal lamination film market include:

1. Increasing Need for Better Print Protection and Aesthetics: A key driver is growing demand in multiple industries for enhanced durability and aesthetic appeal of print and packaging. Thermal lamination films deliver greater protection from scratches, moisture, chemicals, and UV degradation, with enhanced color brightness, gloss, or with a luxurious matte/soft-touch finish. This motivates adoption in commercial printing, premium packaging, and book publishing, where product presentation and durability are essential to brand image and consumer acceptance.

2. Expansion of the Packaging Industry, Especially Flexible Packaging: The high growth in the international packaging market, and more so in the flexible packaging business, is a key driver. Thermal lamination films are a cornerstone of flexible packaging for food, beverages, and consumer products, and they provide barrier resistance, structure, and print protection. With changing consumer tastes for easy and eco-friendly packaging forms, demand for thermal films that can improve the performance and look of flexible packaging keeps increasing.

3. Digital Printing's Growth and Requirement for Compatible Finishing Solutions: The proliferation of digital printing technology, enabling shorter runs, customization, and faster turnaround times, acts as a strong driver. Digital prints often require specialized finishing to protect their surfaces and enhance their appearance. Thermal lamination films formulated for digital inks and toners provide an ideal solution, ensuring seamless adhesion and a high-quality finish, thereby driving demand as digital printing becomes more prevalent across commercial and industrial applications.

4. Increasing Focus on Hygiene and Anti-Bacterial Applications: A notable driver, accelerated by recent global health concerns, is the growing demand for thermal lamination films with anti-bacterial or antimicrobial properties. These films help to maintain hygiene on surfaces, particularly for products in healthcare, food service, and high-touch consumer goods. This functional enhancement adds significant value and addresses a critical need for safer and cleaner products, expanding the market for specialized thermal films in health-sensitive environments.

5. Growth in E-commerce and Need for Durable Packaging: The booming e-commerce sector globally is a powerful driver for the thermal lamination film market. Products shipped through e-commerce channels often undergo more rigorous handling, necessitating durable and protective packaging. Thermal lamination films provide an effective solution by reinforcing packaging, protecting printed information, and enhancing resistance to scuffs and moisture during transit, ensuring that products reach consumers in pristine condition and reducing damage-related returns.

Challenges in the thermal lamination film market are:

1. Raw Material Price Volatility: One of the biggest concerns for the thermal lamination film industry is the volatility in raw material prices, including polypropylene (BOPP), polyester (PET), and EVA adhesives. These are petroleum-based materials with prices vulnerable to volatility in the global oil prices. The variations can have a substantial effect on costs of manufacturing, profit margins, and price plans for thermal lamination film manufacturers, causing market volatility.

2. Alternative Finishing Technologies Competition: Thermal lamination film competes with alternative print finishing and packaging technologies. These are aqueous coatings, UV coatings, and solvent laminations. Although thermal lamination has distinct advantages, these alternatives may be less expensive on occasion for particular uses or provide varying properties. This competition requires constant innovation in thermal films to stay competitive and differentiate their advantages to final consumers.

3. Regulatory Pressure and Environmental Issues: Regardless of sustainability efforts, the plastic-based lamination film is subjected to constant environmental criticism on plastic waste and disposal. Increased regulation on single-use plastics and consumer demand for more environmentally friendly options are a real challenge. Producers have to spend a lot on research and development to create genuinely recyclable, biodegradable, or compostable films, which can be prohibitive and technically demanding, in order to meet regulatory demands and the changing needs of consumers.

The overall impact of these drivers and challenges on the thermal lamination film market is one of dynamic growth accompanied by the imperative for innovation. While robust demand for print protection, enhanced aesthetics, and the expansion of packaging and digital printing sectors fuel market expansion, the industry must proactively address raw material price volatility, fierce competition from alternatives, and escalating environmental concerns. Succeeding through these challenges will involve strategic investment in sustainable solutions and cutting-edge functionality to ensure long-term leadership in the marketplace.

List of Thermal Lamination Film Companies

Companies in the market compete on the basis of product quality offered. Major players in this market focus on expanding their manufacturing facilities, R&D investments, infrastructural development, and leverage integration opportunities across the value chain. With these strategies thermal lamination film companies cater increasing demand, ensure competitive effectiveness, develop innovative products & technologies, reduce production costs, and expand their customer base. Some of the thermal lamination film companies profiled in this report include-

• COSMO Films
• Transilwrap
• D&K
• FlexFilm
• Derprosa
• GMP
• Royal Sovereign
• Ipak
• Drytac
• PKC

Thermal Lamination Film Market by Segment

The study includes a forecast for the global thermal lamination film market by type, application, and region.

Thermal Lamination Film Market by Type [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• BOPP Based
• BOPET Based
• BOPA Based
• Others

Thermal Lamination Film Market by Application [Value from 2019 to 2031]:

• Industrial Printing
• Commercial Printing
• Others

Country Wise Outlook for the Thermal Lamination Film Market

Thermal lamination film industry is booming as demand for improved print protection, aesthetics, and long-lasting packaging solutions is growing across industries. The films, heat and pressure applied, provide fine finishes, moisture resistance, and abrasion, along with longer product life. Recent trends in the most important global markets like the United States, China, Germany, India, and Japan demonstrate a combined orientation towards sustainability, high-end functionalities, and conforming to the changing requirements of the printing and packaging industries, as an indicator of a dynamic future of this market.

• United States: The US Thermal Lamination Film market is experiencing a robust demand for high-performance films, especially in the commercial print and luxury packaging markets. Recent trends have seen growing use of anti-scratch, soft-touch, and digital-friendly thermal films for premium applications and short-run prints. Sustainable alternatives are also gaining traction, with producers investigating films containing recycled material or bio-based polymers to address rising environmental regulations and consumer demand for environmentally friendly products.
• China: China leads the world in the Thermal Lamination Film market, thanks to its enormous production base and thriving packaging and printing sectors. Some of the latest trends involve heavy investments to increase production capacities and create a broader spectrum of specialty films, such as those with improved barrier properties for food packaging and sophisticated finishes for consumer products. The market is driven by industrial-scale printing on a large scale and a rapidly expanding e-commerce industry, which necessitates strong and attractive packages.
• Germany: Germany's thermal lamination film industry is marked by innovation intensity, superior product quality, and strict environmental regulations. The latest trends have been the innovation of films with better clarity, better adhesion to diverse substrates, and higher scuff resistance for critical applications. German manufacturers are at the forefront of creating sustainable thermal films such as those with reduced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and greater recyclability, which demonstrates the nation's concern for environmental responsibility and high-end industrial solutions.
• India: India's Thermal Lamination Film market is growing with a high growth rate, driven by the growing packaging industry, consumerism, and demand for value-added printing. New local manufacturers have emerged that provide a wider portfolio of thermal films with improved prices. There is increased use of thermal lamination for flexible packaging for food and household consumer goods, publishing, and commercial printing, motivated by the demand for improved presentation and protection of products in a diversified and competitive market.
• Japan: The Thermal Lamination Film market in Japan is very developed, with new developments centered on precision, beauty, and functionality innovation. Japanese producers are leading the innovation in producing ultra-thin films, anti-microbial coatings, and optically advanced films for premium packaging and specialized graphic art uses. The trend is also spurred on by a high focus on sustainability, as it works to launch biodegradable and recyclable thermal films in response to the nation's stringent environment regulations and high demand from consumers for environmentally friendly products.

Features of the Global Thermal Lamination Film Market

• Market Size Estimates: Thermal lamination film market size estimation in terms of value ($B).
• Trend and Forecast Analysis: Market trends (2019 to 2024) and forecast (2025 to 2031) by various segments and regions.
• Segmentation Analysis: Thermal lamination film market size by type, application, and region in terms of value ($B).
• Regional Analysis: Thermal lamination film market breakdown by North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World.
• Growth Opportunities: Analysis of growth opportunities in different types, applications, and regions for the thermal lamination film market.
• Strategic Analysis: This includes M&A, new product development, and competitive landscape of the thermal lamination film market.

Analysis of competitive intensity of the industry based on Porter's Five Forces model.

This report answers following 11 key questions:

• Q.1. What are some of the most promising, high-growth opportunities for the thermal lamination film market by type (BOPP based, BOPET based, BOPA based, and others), application (industrial printing, commercial printing, and others), and region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World)?
• Q.2. Which segments will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.3. Which region will grow at a faster pace and why?
• Q.4. What are the key factors affecting market dynamics? What are the key challenges and business risks in this market?
• Q.5. What are the business risks and competitive threats in this market?
• Q.6. What are the emerging trends in this market and the reasons behind them?
• Q.7. What are some of the changing demands of customers in the market?
• Q.8. What are the new developments in the market? Which companies are leading these developments?
• Q.9. Who are the major players in this market? What strategic initiatives are key players pursuing for business growth?
• Q.10. What are some of the competing products in this market and how big of a threat do they pose for loss of market share by material or product substitution?
• Q.11. What M&A activity has occurred in the last 5 years and what has its impact been on the industry?

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Overview

• 2.1 Background and Classifications
• 2.2 Supply Chain

3. Market Trends & Forecast Analysis

• 3.2 Industry Drivers and Challenges
• 3.3 PESTLE Analysis
• 3.4 Patent Analysis
• 3.5 Regulatory Environment

4. Global Thermal Lamination Film Market by Type

• 4.1 Overview
• 4.2 Attractiveness Analysis by Type
• 4.3 BOPP Based: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 4.4 BOPET Based: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 4.5 BOPA Based: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 4.6 Others: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)

5. Global Thermal Lamination Film Market by Application

• 5.1 Overview
• 5.2 Attractiveness Analysis by Application
• 5.3 Industrial Printing: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 5.4 Commercial Printing: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)
• 5.5 Others: Trends and Forecast (2019-2031)

6. Regional Analysis

• 6.1 Overview
• 6.2 Global Thermal Lamination Film Market by Region

7. North American Thermal Lamination Film Market

• 7.1 Overview
• 7.2 North American Thermal Lamination Film Market by Type
• 7.3 North American Thermal Lamination Film Market by Application
• 7.4 United States Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 7.5 Mexican Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 7.6 Canadian Thermal Lamination Film Market

8. European Thermal Lamination Film Market

• 8.1 Overview
• 8.2 European Thermal Lamination Film Market by Type
• 8.3 European Thermal Lamination Film Market by Application
• 8.4 German Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 8.5 French Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 8.6 Spanish Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 8.7 Italian Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 8.8 United Kingdom Thermal Lamination Film Market

9. APAC Thermal Lamination Film Market

• 9.1 Overview
• 9.2 APAC Thermal Lamination Film Market by Type
• 9.3 APAC Thermal Lamination Film Market by Application
• 9.4 Japanese Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 9.5 Indian Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 9.6 Chinese Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 9.7 South Korean Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 9.8 Indonesian Thermal Lamination Film Market

10. ROW Thermal Lamination Film Market

• 10.1 Overview
• 10.2 ROW Thermal Lamination Film Market by Type
• 10.3 ROW Thermal Lamination Film Market by Application
• 10.4 Middle Eastern Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 10.5 South American Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 10.6 African Thermal Lamination Film Market

11. Competitor Analysis

• 11.1 Product Portfolio Analysis
• 11.2 Operational Integration
• 11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
  • Competitive Rivalry
  • Bargaining Power of Buyers
  • Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • Threat of Substitutes
  • Threat of New Entrants
• 11.4 Market Share Analysis

12. Opportunities & Strategic Analysis

• 12.1 Value Chain Analysis
• 12.2 Growth Opportunity Analysis
  • 12.2.1 Growth Opportunities by Type
  • 12.2.2 Growth Opportunities by Application
• 12.3 Emerging Trends in the Global Thermal Lamination Film Market
• 12.4 Strategic Analysis
  • 12.4.1 New Product Development
  • 12.4.2 Certification and Licensing
  • 12.4.3 Mergers, Acquisitions, Agreements, Collaborations, and Joint Ventures

13. Company Profiles of the Leading Players Across the Value Chain

• 13.1 Competitive Analysis
• 13.2 COSMO Films
  • Company Overview
  • Thermal Lamination Film Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.3 Transilwrap
  • Company Overview
  • Thermal Lamination Film Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.4 D&K
  • Company Overview
  • Thermal Lamination Film Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.5 FlexFilm
  • Company Overview
  • Thermal Lamination Film Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.6 Derprosa
  • Company Overview
  • Thermal Lamination Film Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.7 GMP
  • Company Overview
  • Thermal Lamination Film Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.8 Royal Sovereign
  • Company Overview
  • Thermal Lamination Film Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.9 Ipak
  • Company Overview
  • Thermal Lamination Film Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.10 Drytac
  • Company Overview
  • Thermal Lamination Film Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing
• 13.11 PKC
  • Company Overview
  • Thermal Lamination Film Business Overview
  • New Product Development
  • Merger, Acquisition, and Collaboration
  • Certification and Licensing

14. Appendix

• 14.1 List of Figures
• 14.2 List of Tables
• 14.3 Research Methodology
• 14.4 Disclaimer
• 14.5 Copyright
• 14.6 Abbreviations and Technical Units
• 14.7 About Us
• 14.8 Contact Us