시장보고서
상품코드
1689640

치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 : 산업 분석, 규모, 점유율, 성장, 동향, 예측(2025-2032년)

Dental Simulator Market: Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2025 - 2032

발행일: | 리서치사: Persistence Market Research | 페이지 정보: 영문 182 Pages | 배송안내 : 2-5일 (영업일 기준)

    
    
    




※ 본 상품은 영문 자료로 한글과 영문 목차에 불일치하는 내용이 있을 경우 영문을 우선합니다. 정확한 검토를 위해 영문 목차를 참고해주시기 바랍니다.

Persistence Market Research는 최근 세계의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장에 대한 종합적인 보고서를 발표했습니다. 가격과 시장 구조에 대한 상세한 인사이트를 제공합니다.

주요 인사이트

  • 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 규모(2025년) : 4억 8,310만 달러
  • 예측 시장 가치(2032년) : 8억 7,570만 달러
  • 세계 시장 성장률(CAGR 2025-2032년) : 8.9%

치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 - 보고 범위 :

치과용 시뮬레이터는 치과 교육과 교육에 중요한 역할을 하며, 학생과 전문가가 제어된 환경에서 임상 처치를 연습할 수 있도록 하고 있습니다. 뮬레이터 시장은 치과학교, 트레이닝 센터, 연구기관에 대응하고 있으며, VR 기반, 마네킹 기반, 하이브리드 모델 등 폭넓은 시뮬레이터를 제공합니다.

시장 성장 촉진요인 :

세계의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장은 치과 교육에서의 VR 및 AI 구동형 시뮬레이션 기술의 채용 증가 등 몇 가지 중요한 요인에 의해 추진되고 있습니다. 확대에 더욱 기여하고 있습니다.촉각 피드백 기술의 진보는 시뮬레이터의 리얼리즘을 강화해, 연수생이 진짜와 같은 저항이나 압력을 체험할 수 있도록 해, 실제의 처치를 실시하기 전에 숙련도를 향상시킵니다.또, 원격 학습이나 온라인 학습 솔루션의 추진에 의해 디지털 시뮬레이터의 채용이 가속하고 있어 치과 트레이닝 프로그램

시장 성장 억제요인 :

유망한 성장 전망에도 불구하고 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장은 초기 비용과 유지 보수 비용의 높이에 관한 과제에 직면하고 있습니다. 엄청난 투자가 필요하며 보급 장벽이 되고 있습니다.

시장 기회 :

치과용 시뮬레이터 시장은 기술 혁신, 치과 교육에 대한 투자 증가, 디지털 교육 플랫폼 확대로 큰 성장 기회를 제공합니다. 레이션 플랫폼의 개발에 의해 원격 학습이 용이하게 되어, 치과 교육이 세계적으로 이용하기 쉬워집니다.

이 보고서에서 다루는 주요 질문

  • 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장의 세계 성장을 가속하는 주요 요인은?
  • 치과 교육 및 트레이닝에 있어서, 어느 유형의 치과용 시뮬레이터가 지지를 모으고 있는가?
  • 기술의 진보는 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 경쟁 구도를 어떻게 바꾸고 있는가?
  • 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장에 공헌하고 있는 주요 기업은 어디에서 시장의 관련성을 유지하기 위해 어떠한 전략을 채용하고 있는가?
  • 세계의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장에 있어서의 새로운 동향과 장래성은?

목차

제1장 주요 요약

제2장 시장 개요

  • 시장의 범위와 정의
  • 시장 역학
    • 성장 촉진요인
    • 성장 억제요인
    • 기회
    • 주요 동향
  • 거시경제 요인
    • 세계의 섹터별 전망
    • 세계의 GDP 성장 전망
  • COVID-19의 영향 분석
  • 예측 요인 - 관련성과 영향

제3장 부가가치 인사이트

  • 제품 채용 분석
  • 규제 상황
  • 밸류체인 분석
  • PESTLE 분석
  • Porter's Five Forces 분석

제4장 세계의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 전망

  • 주요 하이라이트
    • 시장 규모와 전년대비 성장률
    • 절대 수익 기회
  • 시장 규모 분석과 예측
    • 과거 시장 규모 분석(2019-2024년)
    • 현재 시장 규모의 분석과 예측(2025-2032년)
  • 세계의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 전망 : 구성 요소별
    • 서론/주요 조사 결과
    • 과거 시장 규모 분석 : 구성 요소별(2019-2024년)
    • 현재 시장 규모의 분석과 예측 : 구성 요소별(2025-2032년)
      • 하드웨어
      • 소프트웨어
    • 시장의 매력 분석 : 구성 요소별
  • 세계의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 전망 : 용도별
    • 서론/주요 조사 결과
    • 과거 시장 규모 : 용도별(2019-2024년)
    • 현재 시장 규모 분석과 예측 : 용도별(2025-2032년)
      • 치료 계획
      • 치과 연수 및 교육
    • 시장의 매력 분석 : 용도별
  • 세계의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 전망 : 최종 사용자별
    • 서론/주요 조사 결과
    • 과거 시장 규모 : 최종 사용자별(2019-2024년)
    • 현재 시장 규모의 분석과 예측 : 최종 사용자별(2025-2032년)
      • 병원
      • 치과 학교
      • 치과 진료소
      • 연구기관
    • 시장의 매력 분석 : 최종 사용자별

제5장 세계의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 전망 : 지역별

  • 주요 하이라이트
  • 과거 시장 규모 분석 : 지역별(2019-2024년)
  • 현재 시장 규모 분석과 예측 : 지역별(2025-2032년)
    • 북미
    • 유럽
    • 동아시아
    • 남아시아 및 오세아니아
    • 라틴아메리카
    • 중동 및 아프리카
  • 시장의 매력 분석 : 지역별

제6장 북미의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 전망

제7장 유럽의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 전망

제8장 동아시아의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 전망

제9장 남아시아 및 오세아니아의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 전망

제10장 라틴아메리카의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 전망

제11장 중동 및 아프리카의 치과용 시뮬레이터 시장 전망

제12장 경쟁 구도

  • 시장 점유율 분석(2025년)
  • 시장 구조
    • 시장별 경쟁 강도 매핑
    • 경쟁 대시보드
  • 기업 프로파일(상세 - 개요, 재무, 전략, 최근 동향)
    • Dentsply Sirona
    • NISSIN DENTAL PRODUCTS INC.
    • KaVo Dental
    • HRV Simulation
    • Navadha Enterprises
    • VOXEL-MAN
    • Image Navigation
    • Tangshan UMG Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.
    • Dental Art SpA
    • 3Shape A/S
    • Cingol
    • Jingle Medical
    • A-dec Inc.
    • J. MORITA CORP
    • Unicorn Denmart Ltd
    • SoniDent
    • Indizium
    • SimtoCare
    • Anand Mediproducts Pvt Ltd
    • Dental Treatment Simulation
    • Unicorn Denmart Ltd.
    • One Dental Pty Ltd
    • The Champion Company
    • Universal Simulation UK(Uni Sim)
    • Virteasy Dental

제13장 부록

  • 조사 방법
  • 조사의 전제
  • 두자어 및 약어
KTH 25.05.09

Persistence Market Research has recently released a comprehensive report on the worldwide market for dental simulators. The report offers a thorough assessment of crucial market dynamics, including drivers, trends, opportunities, and challenges, providing detailed insights into the market structure. This research publication presents exclusive data and statistics outlining the anticipated growth trajectory of the global dental simulator market from 2025 to 2032.

Key Insights:

  • Dental Simulator Market Size (2025E): US$ 483.1 Mn
  • Projected Market Value (2032F): US$ 875.7 Mn
  • Global Market Growth Rate (CAGR 2025 to 2032): 8.9%

Dental Simulator Market - Report Scope:

Dental simulators play a crucial role in dental education and training, enabling students and professionals to practice clinical procedures in a controlled environment. These simulators integrate virtual reality (VR), haptic feedback, and artificial intelligence (AI) to replicate real-life dental scenarios, improving precision and skill acquisition. The dental simulator market caters to dental schools, training centers, and research institutions, offering a wide range of simulators, including VR-based, mannequin-based, and hybrid models. Market growth is driven by increasing demand for technologically advanced training tools, the growing number of dental professionals, and the emphasis on improving patient safety and treatment outcomes.

Market Growth Drivers:

The global dental simulator market is propelled by several key factors, including the rising adoption of VR and AI-driven simulation technologies in dental education. The increasing focus on competency-based learning and skill enhancement drives the demand for high-fidelity dental simulators. Additionally, the growing number of dental schools worldwide and the integration of digital dentistry into curricula further contribute to market expansion. Advancements in haptic feedback technology enhance the realism of simulators, allowing trainees to experience lifelike resistance and pressure, which improves their proficiency before performing real procedures. The push for remote and online learning solutions has also accelerated the adoption of digital simulators, providing greater accessibility to dental training programs.

Market Restraints:

Despite promising growth prospects, the dental simulator market faces challenges related to high initial costs and maintenance expenses. The affordability of advanced dental simulators remains a concern, particularly for institutions with limited budgets. Additionally, the integration of new simulation technologies into existing curricula requires substantial investment in faculty training and infrastructure, creating barriers to widespread adoption. Technical limitations, such as latency in haptic feedback and the need for regular software updates, may also affect user experience and market penetration. Addressing these issues requires collaboration between manufacturers, educational institutions, and regulatory bodies to promote cost-effective and scalable training solutions.

Market Opportunities:

The dental simulator market presents significant growth opportunities driven by technological innovations, increasing investments in dental education, and the expansion of digital training platforms. The integration of AI-driven analytics enables personalized learning experiences, allowing trainees to receive real-time feedback and performance assessments. Furthermore, the development of cloud-based simulation platforms facilitates remote learning, making dental education more accessible globally. The expanding application of simulation technology beyond traditional training, such as in patient-specific treatment planning and research, further broadens the market scope. Strategic partnerships between universities, technology providers, and dental associations can enhance product adoption and drive market growth.

Key Questions Answered in the Report:

  • What are the primary factors driving the growth of the dental simulator market globally?
  • Which types of dental simulators are gaining traction in dental education and training?
  • How are technological advancements reshaping the competitive landscape of the dental simulator market?
  • Who are the key players contributing to the dental simulator market, and what strategies are they employing to maintain market relevance?
  • What are the emerging trends and future prospects in the global dental simulator market?

Competitive Intelligence and Business Strategy:

Leading players in the global dental simulator market, including Dentsply Sirona, KaVo Dental, 3D Systems, and Simodont, focus on innovation, product differentiation, and strategic partnerships to gain a competitive edge. These companies invest in R&D to develop advanced simulators incorporating AI, VR, and haptic technology, enhancing training effectiveness and realism. Collaborations with dental schools, training centers, and research institutions facilitate market access and technology adoption. Additionally, companies are expanding their product portfolios by integrating cloud-based simulation solutions and tele-education platforms, catering to the evolving needs of modern dental training.

Key Companies Profiled:

  • Dentsply Sirona
  • KaVo Dental
  • 3D Systems
  • Simodont
  • Nissin Dental Products
  • HRV Simulation
  • VRMagic Holding AG
  • Stratasys Ltd.
  • DentalEZ Group
  • Yuan Technology Limited

Dental Simulator Market Segmentation

By Component

  • Hardware
  • Software

By Application

  • Treatment Planning
  • Dental Training and Education

By End User

  • Hospitals
  • Dental Schools
  • Dental Clinics
  • Research Institutes

By Region

  • North America
  • Europe
  • East Asia
  • South Asia and Oceania
  • Middle East and Africa
  • Latin America

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

  • 1.1. Global Dental Simulator Market Snapshot, 2025-2032
  • 1.2. Market Opportunity Assessment, 2025-2032, US$ Mn
  • 1.3. Key Market Trends
  • 1.4. Future Market Projections
  • 1.5. Premium Market Insights
  • 1.6. Industry Developments and Key Market Events
  • 1.7. PMR Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

  • 2.1. Market Scope and Definition
  • 2.2. Market Dynamics
    • 2.2.1. Drivers
    • 2.2.2. Restraints
    • 2.2.3. Opportunity
    • 2.2.4. Key Trends
  • 2.3. Macro-Economic Factors
    • 2.3.1. Global Sectorial Outlook
    • 2.3.2. Global GDP Growth Outlook
  • 2.4. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
  • 2.5. Forecast Factors - Relevance and Impact

3. Value Added Insights

  • 3.1. Product Adoption Analysis
  • 3.2. Regulatory Landscape
  • 3.3. Value Chain Analysis
  • 3.4. PESTLE Analysis
  • 3.5. Porter's Five Force Analysis

4. Global Dental Simulator Market Outlook

  • 4.1. Key Highlights
    • 4.1.1. Market Size (US$ Mn) and Y-o-Y Growth
    • 4.1.2. Absolute $ Opportunity
  • 4.2. Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast
    • 4.2.1. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, 2019-2024
    • 4.2.2. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, 2025-2032
  • 4.3. Global Dental Simulator Market Outlook: Component
    • 4.3.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 4.3.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Component, 2019-2024
    • 4.3.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2025-2032
      • 4.3.3.1. Hardware
      • 4.3.3.2. Software
    • 4.3.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Component
  • 4.4. Global Dental Simulator Market Outlook: Application
    • 4.4.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 4.4.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn), By Application, 2019-2024
    • 4.4.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025-2032
      • 4.4.3.1. Treatment Planning
      • 4.4.3.2. Dental Training and Education
    • 4.4.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Application
  • 4.5. Global Dental Simulator Market Outlook: End User
    • 4.5.1. Introduction / Key Findings
    • 4.5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn), By End User, 2019-2024
    • 4.5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By End User, 2025-2032
      • 4.5.3.1. Hospitals
      • 4.5.3.2. Dental Schools
      • 4.5.3.3. Dental Clinics
      • 4.5.3.4. Research Institutes
    • 4.5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: End User

5. Global Dental Simulator Market Outlook: Region

  • 5.1. Key Highlights
  • 5.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Region, 2019-2024
  • 5.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Region, 2025-2032
    • 5.3.1. North America
    • 5.3.2. Europe
    • 5.3.3. East Asia
    • 5.3.4. South Asia and Oceania
    • 5.3.5. Latin America
    • 5.3.6. Middle East & Africa
  • 5.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis: Region

6. North America Dental Simulator Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Key Highlights
  • 6.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 6.2.1. By Country
    • 6.2.2. By Component
    • 6.2.3. By Application
    • 6.2.4. By End User
  • 6.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 6.3.1. U.S.
    • 6.3.2. Canada
  • 6.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2025-2032
    • 6.4.1. Hardware
    • 6.4.2. Software
  • 6.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025-2032
    • 6.5.1. Treatment Planning
    • 6.5.2. Dental Training and Education
  • 6.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By End User, 2025-2032
    • 6.6.1. Hospitals
    • 6.6.2. Dental Schools
    • 6.6.3. Dental Clinics
    • 6.6.4. Research Institutes
  • 6.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

7. Europe Dental Simulator Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Key Highlights
  • 7.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 7.2.1. By Country
    • 7.2.2. By Component
    • 7.2.3. By Application
    • 7.2.4. By End User
  • 7.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 7.3.1. Germany
    • 7.3.2. France
    • 7.3.3. U.K.
    • 7.3.4. Italy
    • 7.3.5. Spain
    • 7.3.6. Russia
    • 7.3.7. Turkey
    • 7.3.8. Rest of Europe
  • 7.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2025-2032
    • 7.4.1. Hardware
    • 7.4.2. Software
  • 7.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025-2032
    • 7.5.1. Treatment Planning
    • 7.5.2. Dental Training and Education
  • 7.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By End User, 2025-2032
    • 7.6.1. Hospitals
    • 7.6.2. Dental Schools
    • 7.6.3. Dental Clinics
    • 7.6.4. Research Institutes
  • 7.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

8. East Asia Dental Simulator Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Key Highlights
  • 8.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 8.2.1. By Country
    • 8.2.2. By Component
    • 8.2.3. By Application
    • 8.2.4. By End User
  • 8.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 8.3.1. China
    • 8.3.2. Japan
    • 8.3.3. South Korea
  • 8.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2025-2032
    • 8.4.1. Hardware
    • 8.4.2. Software
  • 8.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025-2032
    • 8.5.1. Treatment Planning
    • 8.5.2. Dental Training and Education
  • 8.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By End User, 2025-2032
    • 8.6.1. Hospitals
    • 8.6.2. Dental Schools
    • 8.6.3. Dental Clinics
    • 8.6.4. Research Institutes
  • 8.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

9. South Asia & Oceania Dental Simulator Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Key Highlights
  • 9.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 9.2.1. By Country
    • 9.2.2. By Component
    • 9.2.3. By Application
    • 9.2.4. By End User
  • 9.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 9.3.1. India
    • 9.3.2. Southeast Asia
    • 9.3.3. ANZ
    • 9.3.4. Rest of South Asia & Oceania
  • 9.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2025-2032
    • 9.4.1. Hardware
    • 9.4.2. Software
  • 9.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025-2032
    • 9.5.1. Treatment Planning
    • 9.5.2. Dental Training and Education
  • 9.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By End User, 2025-2032
    • 9.6.1. Hospitals
    • 9.6.2. Dental Schools
    • 9.6.3. Dental Clinics
    • 9.6.4. Research Institutes
  • 9.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

10. Latin America Dental Simulator Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Key Highlights
  • 10.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 10.2.1. By Country
    • 10.2.2. By Component
    • 10.2.3. By Application
    • 10.2.4. By End User
  • 10.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 10.3.1. Brazil
    • 10.3.2. Mexico
    • 10.3.3. Rest of Latin America
  • 10.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2025-2032
    • 10.4.1. Hardware
    • 10.4.2. Software
  • 10.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025-2032
    • 10.5.1. Treatment Planning
    • 10.5.2. Dental Training and Education
  • 10.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By End User, 2025-2032
    • 10.6.1. Hospitals
    • 10.6.2. Dental Schools
    • 10.6.3. Dental Clinics
    • 10.6.4. Research Institutes
  • 10.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

11. Middle East & Africa Dental Simulator Market Outlook

  • 11.1. Key Highlights
  • 11.2. Historical Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis, By Market, 2019-2024
    • 11.2.1. By Country
    • 11.2.2. By Component
    • 11.2.3. By Application
    • 11.2.4. By End User
  • 11.3. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Country, 2025-2032
    • 11.3.1. GCC Countries
    • 11.3.2. Egypt
    • 11.3.3. South Africa
    • 11.3.4. Northern Africa
    • 11.3.5. Rest of Middle East & Africa
  • 11.4. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Component, 2025-2032
    • 11.4.1. Hardware
    • 11.4.2. Software
  • 11.5. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By Application, 2025-2032
    • 11.5.1. Treatment Planning
    • 11.5.2. Dental Training and Education
  • 11.6. Current Market Size (US$ Mn) Analysis and Forecast, By End User, 2025-2032
    • 11.6.1. Hospitals
    • 11.6.2. Dental Schools
    • 11.6.3. Dental Clinics
    • 11.6.4. Research Institutes
  • 11.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis

12. Competition Landscape

  • 12.1. Market Share Analysis, 2025
  • 12.2. Market Structure
    • 12.2.1. Competition Intensity Mapping By Market
    • 12.2.2. Competition Dashboard
  • 12.3. Company Profiles (Details - Overview, Financials, Strategy, Recent Developments)
    • 12.3.1. Dentsply Sirona
      • 12.3.1.1. Overview
      • 12.3.1.2. Segments and Products
      • 12.3.1.3. Key Financials
      • 12.3.1.4. Market Developments
      • 12.3.1.5. Market Strategy
    • 12.3.2. NISSIN DENTAL PRODUCTS INC.
    • 12.3.3. KaVo Dental
    • 12.3.4. HRV Simulation
    • 12.3.5. Navadha Enterprises
    • 12.3.6. VOXEL-MAN
    • 12.3.7. Image Navigation
    • 12.3.8. Tangshan UMG Medical Instrument Co., Ltd.
    • 12.3.9. Dental Art S.p.A.
    • 12.3.10. 3Shape A/S
    • 12.3.11. Cingol
    • 12.3.12. Jingle Medical
    • 12.3.13. A-dec Inc.
    • 12.3.14. J. MORITA CORP
    • 12.3.15. Unicorn Denmart Ltd
    • 12.3.16. SoniDent
    • 12.3.17. Indizium
    • 12.3.18. SimtoCare
    • 12.3.19. Anand Mediproducts Pvt Ltd
    • 12.3.20. Dental Treatment Simulation
    • 12.3.21. Unicorn Denmart Ltd.
    • 12.3.22. One Dental Pty Ltd
    • 12.3.23. The Champion Company
    • 12.3.24. Universal Simulation UK (Uni Sim)
    • 12.3.25. Virteasy Dental

13. Appendix

  • 13.1. Research Methodology
  • 13.2. Research Assumptions
  • 13.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations
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