세계의 세라믹 정전척 : 시장 점유율과 순위, 전체 판매량 및 수요 예측(2025-2031년)

The global market for Ceramic Electro Static Chuck was estimated to be worth US$ 1199 million in 2024 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 1815 million by 2031 with a CAGR of 6.2% during the forecast period 2025-2031.

This report provides a comprehensive assessment of recent tariff adjustments and international strategic countermeasures on Ceramic Electro Static Chuck cross-border industrial footprints, capital allocation patterns, regional economic interdependencies, and supply chain reconfigurations.

Ceramic Electro Static Chuck is an ultra-clean wafer carrier suitable for vacuum environment or plasma environment. It uses the principle of electrostatic adsorption to clamp ultra-thin wafers evenly and evenly. This product is widely used in high-end semiconductor manufacturing equipment such as PVD, PECVD, ETCH, EUVL, and ion implantation.

The basic structure of an electrostatic chuck consists of a conductive base, typically made of metal or semiconductor material, and an insulating layer, often made of ceramic or polymer material, on top of which the workpiece rests. Beneath the insulating layer, there are electrodes connected to a power source. When a voltage is applied between the conductive base and the electrodes, an electric field is generated in the insulating layer, creating electrostatic forces that hold the workpiece in place. Electrostatic chucks offer several advantages over mechanical clamping systems, including:

Uniform clamping force: Electrostatic chucks can distribute the clamping force evenly across the entire surface of the workpiece, ensuring uniform contact and minimizing the risk of distortion or damage.

Non-contact clamping: Since electrostatic chucks rely on electrostatic forces to hold the workpiece, there is no physical contact between the chuck and the workpiece, reducing the risk of contamination or damage to delicate surfaces.

High precision and repeatability: Electrostatic chucks provide precise control over the clamping force, allowing for accurate positioning and alignment of the workpiece. Additionally, they offer excellent repeatability, ensuring consistent results over multiple processing cycles.

Compatibility with various materials: Electrostatic chucks can be used with a wide range of materials, including semiconductors, ceramics, glass, and metals, making them suitable for diverse manufacturing applications.

Overall, Ceramic Electro Static Chucks play critical roles in semiconductor, flat panel display, and various other industries where precise substrate handling, positioning, and processing are essential for achieving high-quality products and devices.

The Ceramic Electro Static Chuck market has witnessed significant growth and evolution in recent years, driven by the increasing demand for semiconductor devices and advanced manufacturing processes. ESCs play a crucial role in semiconductor manufacturing, providing precise and reliable wafer handling capabilities essential for achieving high levels of productivity and yield.

Currently, the Ceramic Electro Static Chuck industry is dominated by Japan companies. Japan companies master the mature technology. Many countries need import from Japan, such as China, Taiwan, USA etc.

China has already had certain technological breakthroughs in the field of Semiconductor Electrostatic Chuck. The update technical of the Electrostatic Chuck of China mainland enterprises Beijing U-PRECISION TECH and Hebei Sinopack Electronic have reached the standard and the customer acceptance requirements.

In addition to the gradual increase in the size of the carrier wafer, the development trend of the electrostatic chuck is mainly manifested in the increase in the demand for temperature uniformity control. In the next few years, the mainstream production of integrated circuit devices is expected to reach 10nm to 7nm and 5nm. In order to ensure the uniformity of production, high-end semiconductor equipment such as PVD, ETCH, ion implanter, etc. put forward more stringent requirements on the temperature control ability and high temperature resistance of the electrostatic chuck. At this stage, electrostatic chuck products with more than 100 temperature zones have been developed and produced and put into practical application.

In conclusion, the Ceramic Electro Static Chuck market is poised for continued growth, driven by the expanding semiconductor industry, technological advancements, and the increasing adoption of advanced materials. As manufacturers focus on improving wafer processing capabilities and yield rates, Ceramic ESCs will remain integral components in semiconductor manufacturing equipment, sustaining the market's momentum in the coming years. Semiconductor manufacturing equipment industry has a greater impact on the demand for electrostatic chuck. With the huge investment in the semiconductor industry, we are optimistic about the future of the electrostatic chuck industry.

This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Ceramic Electro Static Chuck, focusing on the total sales volume, sales revenue, price, key companies market share and ranking, together with an analysis of Ceramic Electro Static Chuck by region & country, by Type, and by Application.

The Ceramic Electro Static Chuck market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of sales volume (Units) and sales revenue ($ millions), considering 2024 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2020 to 2031. With both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Ceramic Electro Static Chuck.

Market Segmentation

By Company

• SHINKO
• NGK Insulators
• TOTO
• NTK CERATEC
• Sumitomo Osaka Cement
• Entegris
• LK ENGINEERING
• Kyocera
• Technetics Group
• MiCo
• Creative Technology Corporation
• Krosaki Harima Corporation
• Hebei Sinopack Electronic
• AEGISCO
• Coherent
• Beijing U-PRECISION TECH

Segment by Type

• Alumina ESC
• AIN ESC
• SiC ESC

Segment by Application

• Semiconductor
• Flat Panel Display (FPD)
• Others

By Region

• North America
  • United States
  • Canada
• Asia-Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • South Korea
  • Southeast Asia
  • India
  • Australia
  • Rest of Asia-Pacific
• Europe
  • Germany
  • France
  • U.K.
  • Italy
  • Netherlands
  • Nordic Countries
  • Rest of Europe
• Latin America
  • Mexico
  • Brazil
  • Rest of Latin America
• Middle East & Africa
  • Turkey
  • Saudi Arabia
  • UAE
  • Rest of MEA

Chapter Outline

Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, global total market size (value, volume and price). This chapter also provides the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.

Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Ceramic Electro Static Chuck manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales and revenue market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.

Chapter 3: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.

Chapter 4: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.

Chapter 5: Sales, revenue of Ceramic Electro Static Chuck in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and market size of each country in the world.

Chapter 6: Sales, revenue of Ceramic Electro Static Chuck in country level. It provides sigmate data by Type, and by Application for each country/region.

Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.

Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.

Chapter 9: Conclusion.

Table of Contents

1 Market Overview

• 1.1 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Introduction
• 1.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Market Size Forecast
  • 1.2.1 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value (2020-2031)
  • 1.2.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume (2020-2031)
  • 1.2.3 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Price (2020-2031)
• 1.3 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Market Trends & Drivers
  • 1.3.1 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Industry Trends
  • 1.3.2 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Market Drivers & Opportunity
  • 1.3.3 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Market Challenges
  • 1.3.4 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Market Restraints
• 1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
• 1.5 Study Objectives
• 1.6 Years Considered

2 Competitive Analysis by Company

• 2.1 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Players Revenue Ranking (2024)
• 2.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Revenue by Company (2020-2025)
• 2.3 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Players Sales Volume Ranking (2024)
• 2.4 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume by Company Players (2020-2025)
• 2.5 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Average Price by Company (2020-2025)
• 2.6 Key Manufacturers Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Manufacturing Base and Headquarters
• 2.7 Key Manufacturers Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offered
• 2.8 Key Manufacturers Time to Begin Mass Production of Ceramic Electro Static Chuck
• 2.9 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Market Competitive Analysis
  • 2.9.1 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Market Concentration Rate (2020-2025)
  • 2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Revenue in 2024
  • 2.9.3 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Ceramic Electro Static Chuck as of 2024)
• 2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Segmentation by Type

• 3.1 Introduction by Type
  • 3.1.1 Alumina ESC
  • 3.1.2 AIN ESC
  • 3.1.3 SiC ESC
• 3.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Type
  • 3.2.1 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 3.2.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, by Type (2020-2031)
  • 3.2.3 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
• 3.3 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume by Type
  • 3.3.1 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume by Type (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 3.3.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume, by Type (2020-2031)
  • 3.3.3 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume, by Type (%) (2020-2031)
• 3.4 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Average Price by Type (2020-2031)

4 Segmentation by Application

• 4.1 Introduction by Application
  • 4.1.1 Semiconductor
  • 4.1.2 Flat Panel Display (FPD)
  • 4.1.3 Others
• 4.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Application
  • 4.2.1 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 4.2.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, by Application (2020-2031)
  • 4.2.3 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
• 4.3 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume by Application
  • 4.3.1 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume by Application (2020 VS 2024 VS 2031)
  • 4.3.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume, by Application (2020-2031)
  • 4.3.3 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume, by Application (%) (2020-2031)
• 4.4 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Average Price by Application (2020-2031)

5 Segmentation by Region

• 5.1 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Region
  • 5.1.1 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
  • 5.1.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Region (2020-2025)
  • 5.1.3 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Region (2026-2031)
  • 5.1.4 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Region (%), (2020-2031)
• 5.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume by Region
  • 5.2.1 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
  • 5.2.2 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume by Region (2020-2025)
  • 5.2.3 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume by Region (2026-2031)
  • 5.2.4 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume by Region (%), (2020-2031)
• 5.3 Global Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Average Price by Region (2020-2031)
• 5.4 North America
  • 5.4.1 North America Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.4.2 North America Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.5 Europe
  • 5.5.1 Europe Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.5.2 Europe Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.6 Asia Pacific
  • 5.6.1 Asia Pacific Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.6.2 Asia Pacific Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Region (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.7 South America
  • 5.7.1 South America Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.7.2 South America Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031
• 5.8 Middle East & Africa
  • 5.8.1 Middle East & Africa Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 5.8.2 Middle East & Africa Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Country (%), 2024 VS 2031

6 Segmentation by Key Countries/Regions

• 6.1 Key Countries/Regions Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value Growth Trends, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
• 6.2 Key Countries/Regions Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value and Sales Volume
  • 6.2.1 Key Countries/Regions Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.2.2 Key Countries/Regions Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Volume, 2020-2031
• 6.3 United States
  • 6.3.1 United States Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.3.2 United States Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.3.3 United States Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.4 Europe
  • 6.4.1 Europe Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.4.2 Europe Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.4.3 Europe Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.5 China
  • 6.5.1 China Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.5.2 China Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.5.3 China Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.6 Japan
  • 6.6.1 Japan Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.6.2 Japan Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.6.3 Japan Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.7 South Korea
  • 6.7.1 South Korea Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.7.2 South Korea Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.7.3 South Korea Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.8 Southeast Asia
  • 6.8.1 Southeast Asia Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.8.2 Southeast Asia Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.8.3 Southeast Asia Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031
• 6.9 India
  • 6.9.1 India Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value, 2020-2031
  • 6.9.2 India Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Type (%), 2024 VS 2031
  • 6.9.3 India Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Value by Application, 2024 VS 2031

7 Company Profiles

• 7.1 SHINKO
  • 7.1.1 SHINKO Company Information
  • 7.1.2 SHINKO Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.1.3 SHINKO Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.1.4 SHINKO Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.1.5 SHINKO Recent Development
• 7.2 NGK Insulators
  • 7.2.1 NGK Insulators Company Information
  • 7.2.2 NGK Insulators Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.2.3 NGK Insulators Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.2.4 NGK Insulators Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.2.5 NGK Insulators Recent Development
• 7.3 TOTO
  • 7.3.1 TOTO Company Information
  • 7.3.2 TOTO Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.3.3 TOTO Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.3.4 TOTO Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.3.5 TOTO Recent Development
• 7.4 NTK CERATEC
  • 7.4.1 NTK CERATEC Company Information
  • 7.4.2 NTK CERATEC Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.4.3 NTK CERATEC Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.4.4 NTK CERATEC Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.4.5 NTK CERATEC Recent Development
• 7.5 Sumitomo Osaka Cement
  • 7.5.1 Sumitomo Osaka Cement Company Information
  • 7.5.2 Sumitomo Osaka Cement Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.5.3 Sumitomo Osaka Cement Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.5.4 Sumitomo Osaka Cement Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.5.5 Sumitomo Osaka Cement Recent Development
• 7.6 Entegris
  • 7.6.1 Entegris Company Information
  • 7.6.2 Entegris Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.6.3 Entegris Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.6.4 Entegris Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.6.5 Entegris Recent Development
• 7.7 LK ENGINEERING
  • 7.7.1 LK ENGINEERING Company Information
  • 7.7.2 LK ENGINEERING Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.7.3 LK ENGINEERING Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.7.4 LK ENGINEERING Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.7.5 LK ENGINEERING Recent Development
• 7.8 Kyocera
  • 7.8.1 Kyocera Company Information
  • 7.8.2 Kyocera Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.8.3 Kyocera Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.8.4 Kyocera Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.8.5 Kyocera Recent Development
• 7.9 Technetics Group
  • 7.9.1 Technetics Group Company Information
  • 7.9.2 Technetics Group Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.9.3 Technetics Group Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.9.4 Technetics Group Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.9.5 Technetics Group Recent Development
• 7.10 MiCo
  • 7.10.1 MiCo Company Information
  • 7.10.2 MiCo Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.10.3 MiCo Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.10.4 MiCo Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.10.5 MiCo Recent Development
• 7.11 Creative Technology Corporation
  • 7.11.1 Creative Technology Corporation Company Information
  • 7.11.2 Creative Technology Corporation Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.11.3 Creative Technology Corporation Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.11.4 Creative Technology Corporation Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.11.5 Creative Technology Corporation Recent Development
• 7.12 Krosaki Harima Corporation
  • 7.12.1 Krosaki Harima Corporation Company Information
  • 7.12.2 Krosaki Harima Corporation Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.12.3 Krosaki Harima Corporation Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.12.4 Krosaki Harima Corporation Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.12.5 Krosaki Harima Corporation Recent Development
• 7.13 Hebei Sinopack Electronic
  • 7.13.1 Hebei Sinopack Electronic Company Information
  • 7.13.2 Hebei Sinopack Electronic Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.13.3 Hebei Sinopack Electronic Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.13.4 Hebei Sinopack Electronic Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.13.5 Hebei Sinopack Electronic Recent Development
• 7.14 AEGISCO
  • 7.14.1 AEGISCO Company Information
  • 7.14.2 AEGISCO Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.14.3 AEGISCO Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.14.4 AEGISCO Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.14.5 AEGISCO Recent Development
• 7.15 Coherent
  • 7.15.1 Coherent Company Information
  • 7.15.2 Coherent Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.15.3 Coherent Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.15.4 Coherent Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.15.5 Coherent Recent Development
• 7.16 Beijing U-PRECISION TECH
  • 7.16.1 Beijing U-PRECISION TECH Company Information
  • 7.16.2 Beijing U-PRECISION TECH Introduction and Business Overview
  • 7.16.3 Beijing U-PRECISION TECH Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
  • 7.16.4 Beijing U-PRECISION TECH Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Product Offerings
  • 7.16.5 Beijing U-PRECISION TECH Recent Development

8 Industry Chain Analysis

• 8.1 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Industrial Chain
• 8.2 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Upstream Analysis
  • 8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
  • 8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
  • 8.2.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
• 8.3 Midstream Analysis
• 8.4 Downstream Analysis (Customers Analysis)
• 8.5 Sales Model and Sales Channels
  • 8.5.1 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Sales Model
  • 8.5.2 Sales Channel
  • 8.5.3 Ceramic Electro Static Chuck Distributors

9 Research Findings and Conclusion

10 Appendix

• 10.1 Research Methodology
  • 10.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
    • 10.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
    • 10.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
    • 10.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
  • 10.1.2 Data Source
    • 10.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
    • 10.1.2.2 Primary Sources
• 10.2 Author Details
• 10.3 Disclaimer