시장보고서
상품코드
1769920

세계의 이식 진단 시장(2025-2035년) : 산업 분석, 시장 규모, 점유율, 성장, 동향, 예측

Transplant Diagnostics Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast, 2025-2035

발행일: | 리서치사: Transparency Market Research | 페이지 정보: 영문 265 Pages | 배송안내 : 2-10일 (영업일 기준)

    
    
    



※ 본 상품은 영문 자료로 한글과 영문 목차에 불일치하는 내용이 있을 경우 영문을 우선합니다. 정확한 검토를 위해 영문 목차를 참고해주시기 바랍니다.

이식 진단 시장 - 분석 범위

TMR의 조사 보고서 '세계의 이식 진단 시장'은 2025년부터 2035년까지의 예측 기간 동안 시장 지표에 대한 귀중한 인사이트를 얻기 위해 과거뿐만 아니라 현재의 성장 동향과 기회에 대해서도 조사했습니다. 2025년을 기준연도, 2035년을 예측연도로 하여 2019년부터 2035년까지 세계의 이식 진단 시장의 수익과 예측을 제공합니다.

이 보고서는 광범위한 조사를 거쳐 작성되었으며, 1차 조사에서는 분석가가 KOL(Key Opinion Leader), 업계 리더, 의사결정자와의 인터뷰를 실시했습니다.

시장 개황
시장 규모(2024년) 78억 달러
시장 규모(2035년) 172억 달러
CAGR 7.3%

본 보고서에서는 세계의 이식 진단 시장 경쟁 구도에 대해 분석했습니다.

목차

제1장 서론

제2장 전제조건과 분석방법

제3장 주요 요약 : 세계 시장

제4장 시장 개요

  • 소개
  • 개요
  • 시장 역학
  • 세계의 이식 진단 시장 분석과 예측(2020-2035년)

제5장 주요 인사이트

  • 파이프라인 분석
  • 주요 제품/브랜드 분석
  • 주요 M&A
  • COVID-19에 의한 산업에 대한 영향

제6장 세계 시장의 분석과 예측 : 스크리닝별

  • 소개 및 정의
  • 주요 분석결과/진전
  • 시장 예측(금액 기준) : 스크리닝별(2020-2035년)
    • 이식 전 진단
    • 이식 후 진단
  • 시장의 매력 : 스크리닝별

제7장 세계 시장의 분석과 예측 : 유형별

  • 소개 및 정의
  • 주요 분석결과/진전
  • 시장 예측(금액 기준) : 유형별(2020-2035년)
    • 분자 분석
    • 비분자 분석
  • 시장의 매력 : 기술별

제8장 세계 시장의 분석과 예측 : 용도별

  • 소개 및 정의
  • 주요 분석결과/진전
  • 시장 예측(금액 기준) : 용도별(2020-2035년)
    • 고형 장기이식
      • 신장
      • 심장
      • 췌장
      • 소장
    • 줄기세포 이식
  • 시장의 매력 : 용도별

제9장 세계 시장의 분석과 예측 : 제품 및 서비스별

  • 소개 및 정의
  • 주요 분석결과/진전
  • 시장 예측(금액 기준) : 제품 및 서비스별(2020-2035년)
    • 시약 및 소모품
    • 장치
    • 소프트웨어 및 서비스
  • 시장의 매력 : 제품 및 서비스별

제10장 세계 시장 분석 및 예측 : 최종사용자별

  • 소개 및 정의
  • 주요 분석결과/진전
  • 시장 예측(금액 기준) : 최종사용자별(2020-2035년)
    • 병원 및 이식센터
    • 연구실
    • 기타
  • 시장의 매력 : 최종사용자별

제11장 세계 시장 분석 및 예측 : 지역별

  • 주요 분석결과
  • 시장 예측(금액 기준) : 지역별
    • 북미
    • 유럽
    • 아시아태평양
    • 라틴아메리카
    • 중동 및 아프리카
  • 시장의 매력 : 지역별

제12장 북미 시장의 분석과 예측

제13장 유럽 시장의 분석과 예측

제14장 아시아태평양시장의 분석과 예측

제15장 라틴아메리카 시장의 분석과 예측

제16장 중동 및 아프리카 시장의 분석과 예측

제17장 경쟁 구도

  • 시장 기업 및 경쟁 매트릭스(기업의 계층별 및 규모별)
  • 시장 점유율 분석 : 기업별(2024년)
  • 기업 프로파일
    • Bio-Rad laboratories, Inc.
    • Qiagen NV
    • F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG
    • Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
    • Becton, Dickinson and Company
    • Ortho Clinical Diagnostics
    • Immucor, Inc.
    • Illumina, Inc.
    • Siemens Healthineers(Siemens AG)
    • Agilent Technologies
CSM 25.07.22

Transplant Diagnostics Market - Scope of Report

TMR's report on the global transplant diagnostics market studies the past as well as the current growth trends and opportunities to gain valuable insights of the indicators of the market during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. The report provides revenue of the global transplant diagnostics market for the period 2019-2035, considering 2025 as the base year and 2035 as the forecast year. The report also provides the compound annual growth rate (CAGR %) of the global transplant diagnostics market from 2025 to 2035.

The report has been prepared after an extensive research. Primary research involved bulk of the research efforts, wherein analysts carried out interviews with key opinion leaders, industry leaders, and opinion makers. Secondary research involved referring to key players' product literature, annual reports, press releases, and relevant documents to understand the transplant diagnostics market.

Market Snapshot
Market Value in 2024US$ 7.8 Bn
Market Value in 2035US$ 17.2 Bn
CAGR7.3%

Secondary research also included Internet sources, statistical data from government agencies, websites, and trade associations. Analysts employed a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches to study various attributes of the global transplant diagnostics market.

The report includes an elaborate executive summary, along with a snapshot of the growth behavior of various segments included in the scope of the study. Moreover, the report throws light on the changing competitive dynamics in the global transplant diagnostics market. These serve as valuable tools for existing market players as well as for entities interested in participating in the global transplant diagnostics market.

The report delves into the competitive landscape of the global transplant diagnostics market. Key players operating in the global transplant diagnostics market have been identified and each one of these has been profiled in terms of various attributes. Company overview, financial standings, recent developments, and SWOT are the attributes of players in the global transplant diagnostics market profiled in this report.

Key Questions Answered in Global transplant diagnostics Market Report:

  • What is the sales/revenue generated by transplant diagnostics across all regions during the forecast period?
  • What are the opportunities in the global transplant diagnostics market?
  • What are the major drivers, restraints, opportunities, and threats in the market?
  • Which regional market is set to expand at the fastest CAGR during the forecast period?
  • Which segment is expected to generate the highest revenue globally in 2035?
  • Which segment is projected to expand at the highest CAGR during the forecast period?
  • What are the market positions of different companies operating in the global market?

Transplant Diagnostics Market - Research Objectives and Research Approach

The comprehensive report on the global transplant diagnostics market begins with an overview, followed by the scope and objectives of the study. The report provides detailed explanation of the objectives behind this study and key vendors and distributors operating in the market and regulatory scenario for approval of products.

For reading comprehensibility, the report has been compiled in a chapter-wise layout, with each section divided into smaller ones. The report comprises an exhaustive collection of graphs and tables that are appropriately interspersed. Pictorial representation of actual and projected values of key segments is visually appealing to readers. This also allows comparison of the market shares of key segments in the past and at the end of the forecast period.

The report analyzes the global transplant diagnostics market in terms of product, end-user, and region. Key segments under each criterion have been studied at length, and the market share for each of these at the end of 2035 has been provided. Such valuable insights enable market stakeholders in making informed business decisions for investment in the global transplant diagnostics market.

Table of Contents

1. Preface

  • 1.1. Market Definition and Scope
  • 1.2. Market Segmentation
  • 1.3. Key Research Objectives
  • 1.4. Research Highlights

2. Assumptions and Research Methodology

3. Executive Summary: Global Transplant Diagnostics Market

4. Market Overview

  • 4.1. Introduction
    • 4.1.1. Product Definition
    • 4.1.2. Industry Evolution / Developments
  • 4.2. Overview
  • 4.3. Market Dynamics
    • 4.3.1. Drivers
    • 4.3.2. Restraints
    • 4.3.3. Opportunities
  • 4.4. Global Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast, 2017 to 2031

5. Key Insights

  • 5.1. Pipeline Analysis
  • 5.2. Key Product/Brand Analysis
  • 5.3. Key Mergers & Acquisitions
  • 5.4. COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Industry

6. Global Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast, by Screening

  • 6.1. Introduction and Definitions
  • 6.2. Key Findings/Developments
  • 6.3. Market Value Forecast, by Screening, 2017 to 2031
    • 6.3.1. Pre-transplant Diagnostics
    • 6.3.2. Post-transplant Diagnostics
  • 6.4. Market Attractiveness, by Screening

7. Global Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast, by Technique

  • 7.1. Introduction and Definitions
  • 7.2. Key Findings/Developments
  • 7.3. Market Value Forecast, by Technique, 2017 to 2031
    • 7.3.1. Molecular Assay
    • 7.3.2. Non-molecular Assay
    • 7.3.3. 7.4 Market Attractiveness, by Technique

8. Global Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast, by Application

  • 8.1. Introduction and Definitions
  • 8.2. Key Findings/Developments
  • 8.3. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017 to 2031
    • 8.3.1. Solid Organ Transplantation
      • 8.3.1.1. Kidney
      • 8.3.1.2. Liver
      • 8.3.1.3. Heart
      • 8.3.1.4. Lungs
      • 8.3.1.5. Pancreas
      • 8.3.1.6. Small Bowel
    • 8.3.2. Stem Cell Transplantation
  • 8.4. Market Attractiveness, by Application

9. Global Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast, by Products & Services

  • 9.1. Introduction and Definitions
  • 9.2. Key Findings/Developments
  • 9.3. Market Value Forecast, by Products & Services, 2017 to 2031
    • 9.3.1. Reagents & Consumables
    • 9.3.2. Instruments
    • 9.3.3. Software & Services
  • 9.4. Market Attractiveness, by Products & Services

10. Global Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast, by End-user

  • 10.1. Introduction and Definitions
  • 10.2. Key Findings/Developments
  • 10.3. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017 to 2031
    • 10.3.1. Hospitals & Transplant Centers
    • 10.3.2. Research Laboratories
    • 10.3.3. Others
  • 10.4. Market Attractiveness, by End-user

11. Global Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast, by Region

  • 11.1. Key Findings
  • 11.2. Market Value Forecast, by Region, 2017 to 2031
    • 11.2.1. North America
    • 11.2.2. Europe
    • 11.2.3. Asia Pacific
    • 11.2.4. Latin America
    • 11.2.5. Middle East & Africa
  • 11.3. Market Attractiveness, by Region

12. North America Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast

  • 12.1. Introduction
    • 12.1.1. Key Findings
  • 12.2. Market Value Forecast, by Screening, 2017 to 2031
    • 12.2.1. Pre-transplant Diagnostics
    • 12.2.2. Post-transplant Diagnostics
  • 12.3. Market Attractiveness, by Screening
  • 12.4. Market Value Forecast, by Technique, 2017 to 2031
    • 12.4.1. Molecular Assay
    • 12.4.2. Non-molecular Assay
  • 12.5. Market Attractiveness, by Technique
  • 12.6. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017 to 2031
    • 12.6.1. Solid Organ Transplantation
      • 12.6.1.1. Kidney
      • 12.6.1.2. Liver
      • 12.6.1.3. Heart
      • 12.6.1.4. Lungs
      • 12.6.1.5. Pancreas
      • 12.6.1.6. Small Bowel
    • 12.6.2. Stem Cell Transplantation
  • 12.7. Market Attractiveness, by Application
  • 12.8. Market Value Forecast, by Products & Services, 2017 to 2031
    • 12.8.1. Reagents & Consumables
    • 12.8.2. Instruments
    • 12.8.3. Software & Services
  • 12.9. Market Attractiveness, by Products & Services
  • 12.10. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017 to 2031
    • 12.10.1. Hospitals & Transplant Centers
    • 12.10.2. Research Laboratories
    • 12.10.3. Others
  • 12.11. Market Attractiveness, by End-user
  • 12.12. Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017 to 2031
    • 12.12.1. U.S.
    • 12.12.2. Canada
  • 12.13. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 12.13.1. By Screening
    • 12.13.2. By Technique
    • 12.13.3. By Application
    • 12.13.4. By Products & Services
    • 12.13.5. By End-user
    • 12.13.6. By Country

13. Europe Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast

  • 13.1. Introduction
    • 13.1.1. Key Findings
  • 13.2. Market Value Forecast, by Screening, 2017 to 2031
    • 13.2.1. Pre-transplant Diagnostics
    • 13.2.2. Post-transplant Diagnostics
  • 13.3. Market Attractiveness, by Screening
  • 13.4. Market Value Forecast, by Technique, 2017 to 2031
    • 13.4.1. Molecular Assay
    • 13.4.2. Non-molecular Assay
  • 13.5. Market Attractiveness, by Technique
  • 13.6. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017 to 2031
    • 13.6.1. Solid Organ Transplantation
      • 13.6.1.1. Kidney
      • 13.6.1.2. Liver
      • 13.6.1.3. Heart
      • 13.6.1.4. Lungs
      • 13.6.1.5. Pancreas
      • 13.6.1.6. Small Bowel
    • 13.6.2. Stem Cell Transplantation
  • 13.7. Market Attractiveness, by Application
  • 13.8. Market Value Forecast, by Products & Services, 2017 to 2031
    • 13.8.1. Reagents & Consumables
    • 13.8.2. Instruments
    • 13.8.3. Software & Services
  • 13.9. Market Attractiveness, by Products & Services
  • 13.10. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017 to 2031
    • 13.10.1. Hospitals & Transplant Centers
    • 13.10.2. Research Laboratories
    • 13.10.3. Others
  • 13.11. Market Attractiveness, by End-user
  • 13.12. Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017 to 2031
    • 13.12.1. Germany
    • 13.12.2. U.K.
    • 13.12.3. France
    • 13.12.4. Italy
    • 13.12.5. Spain
    • 13.12.6. Rest of Europe
  • 13.13. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 13.13.1. By Screening
    • 13.13.2. By Technique
    • 13.13.3. By Application
    • 13.13.4. By Products & Services
    • 13.13.5. By End-user
    • 13.13.6. By Country/Sub-region

14. Asia Pacific Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast

  • 14.1. Introduction
    • 14.1.1. Key Findings
  • 14.2. Market Value Forecast, by Screening, 2017 to 2031
    • 14.2.1. Pre-transplant Diagnostics
    • 14.2.2. Post-transplant Diagnostics
  • 14.3. Market Attractiveness, by Screening
  • 14.4. Market Value Forecast, by Technique, 2017 to 2031
    • 14.4.1. Molecular Assay
    • 14.4.2. Non-molecular Assay
  • 14.5. Market Attractiveness, by Technique
  • 14.6. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017 to 2031
    • 14.6.1. Solid Organ Transplantation
      • 14.6.1.1. Kidney
      • 14.6.1.2. Liver
      • 14.6.1.3. Heart
      • 14.6.1.4. Lungs
      • 14.6.1.5. Pancreas
      • 14.6.1.6. Small Bowel
    • 14.6.2. Stem Cell Transplantation
  • 14.7. Market Attractiveness, by Application
  • 14.8. Market Value Forecast, by Products & Services, 2017 to 2031
    • 14.8.1. Reagents & Consumables
    • 14.8.2. Instruments
    • 14.8.3. Software & Services
  • 14.9. Market Attractiveness, by Products & Services
  • 14.10. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017 to 2031
    • 14.10.1. Hospitals & Transplant Centers
    • 14.10.2. Research Laboratories
    • 14.10.3. Others
  • 14.11. Market Attractiveness, by End-user
  • 14.12. Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017 to 2031
    • 14.12.1. China
    • 14.12.2. Japan
    • 14.12.3. India
    • 14.12.4. Australia & New Zealand
    • 14.12.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 14.13. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 14.13.1. By Screening
    • 14.13.2. By Technique
    • 14.13.3. By Application
    • 14.13.4. By Products & Services
    • 14.13.5. By End-user
    • 14.13.6. By Country/Sub-region

15. Latin America Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast

  • 15.1. Introduction
    • 15.1.1. Key Findings
  • 15.2. Market Value Forecast, by Screening, 2017 to 2031
    • 15.2.1. Pre-transplant Diagnostics
    • 15.2.2. Post-transplant Diagnostics
  • 15.3. Market Attractiveness, by Screening
  • 15.4. Market Value Forecast, by Technique, 2017 to 2031
    • 15.4.1. Molecular Assay
    • 15.4.2. Non-molecular Assay
  • 15.5. Market Attractiveness, by Technique
  • 15.6. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017 to 2031
    • 15.6.1. Solid Organ Transplantation
      • 15.6.1.1. Kidney
      • 15.6.1.2. Liver
      • 15.6.1.3. Heart
      • 15.6.1.4. Lungs
      • 15.6.1.5. Pancreas
      • 15.6.1.6. Small Bowel
    • 15.6.2. Stem Cell Transplantation
  • 15.7. Stem Cell Transplantation Market Attractiveness, by Application
  • 15.8. Market Value Forecast, by Products & Services, 2017 to 2031
    • 15.8.1. Reagents & Consumables
    • 15.8.2. Instruments
    • 15.8.3. Software & Services
  • 15.9. Market Attractiveness, by Products & Services
  • 15.10. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017 to 2031
    • 15.10.1. Hospitals & Transplant Centers
    • 15.10.2. Research Laboratories
    • 15.10.3. Others
  • 15.11. Market Attractiveness, by End-user
  • 15.12. Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017 to 2031
    • 15.12.1. Brazil
    • 15.12.2. Mexico
    • 15.12.3. Rest of Latin America
  • 15.13. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 15.13.1. By Screening
    • 15.13.2. By Technique
    • 15.13.3. By Application
    • 15.13.4. By Products & Services
    • 15.13.5. By End-user
    • 15.13.6. By Country/Sub-region

16. Middle East & Africa Transplant Diagnostics Market Analysis and Forecast

  • 16.1. Introduction
    • 16.1.1. Key Findings
  • 16.2. Market Value Forecast, by Screening, 2017 to 2031
    • 16.2.1. Pre-transplant Diagnostics
    • 16.2.2. Post-transplant Diagnostics
  • 16.3. Market Attractiveness, by Screening
  • 16.4. Market Value Forecast, by Technique, 2017 to 2031
    • 16.4.1. Molecular Assay
    • 16.4.2. Non-molecular Assay
  • 16.5. Market Attractiveness, by Technique
  • 16.6. Market Value Forecast, by Application, 2017 to 2031
    • 16.6.1. Solid Organ Transplantation
      • 16.6.1.1. Kidney
      • 16.6.1.2. Liver
      • 16.6.1.3. Heart
      • 16.6.1.4. Lungs
      • 16.6.1.5. Pancreas
      • 16.6.1.6. Small Bowel
    • 16.6.2. Stem Cell Transplantation
  • 16.7. Market Attractiveness, by Application
  • 16.8. Market Value Forecast, by Products & Services, 2017 to 2031
    • 16.8.1. Reagents & Consumables
    • 16.8.2. Instruments
    • 16.8.3. Software & Services
  • 16.9. Market Attractiveness, by Products & Services
  • 16.10. Market Value Forecast, by End-user, 2017 to 2031
    • 16.10.1. Hospitals & Transplant Centers
    • 16.10.2. Research Laboratories
    • 16.10.3. Others
  • 16.11. Market Attractiveness, by End-user
  • 16.12. Market Value Forecast, by Country/Sub-region, 2017 to 2031
    • 16.12.1. GCC Countries
    • 16.12.2. South Africa
    • 16.12.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa
  • 16.13. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 16.13.1. By Screening
    • 16.13.2. By Technique
    • 16.13.3. By Application
    • 16.13.4. By Products & Services
    • 16.13.5. By End-user
    • 16.13.6. By Country/Sub-region

17. Competition Landscape

  • 17.1. Market Player - Competition Matrix (By Tier and Size of Companies)
  • 17.2. Market Share Analysis, by Company (2022)
  • 17.3. Company Profiles
    • 17.3.1. Bio-Rad laboratories, Inc.
      • 17.3.1.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
      • 17.3.1.2. Product Portfolio
      • 17.3.1.3. Financial Overview
      • 17.3.1.4. SWOT Analysis
      • 17.3.1.5. Strategic Overview
    • 17.3.2. Qiagen N.V.
      • 17.3.2.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
      • 17.3.2.2. Product Portfolio
      • 17.3.2.3. Financial Overview
      • 17.3.2.4. SWOT Analysis
      • 17.3.2.5. Strategic Overview
    • 17.3.3. F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG
      • 17.3.3.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
      • 17.3.3.2. Product Portfolio
      • 17.3.3.3. Financial Overview
      • 17.3.3.4. SWOT Analysis
      • 17.3.3.5. Strategic Overview
    • 17.3.4. Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.
      • 17.3.4.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
      • 17.3.4.2. Product Portfolio
      • 17.3.4.3. Financial Overview
      • 17.3.4.4. SWOT Analysis
      • 17.3.4.5. Strategic Overview
    • 17.3.5. Becton, Dickinson and Company
      • 17.3.5.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
      • 17.3.5.2. Product Portfolio
      • 17.3.5.3. Financial Overview
      • 17.3.5.4. SWOT Analysis
      • 17.3.5.5. Strategic Overview
    • 17.3.6. Ortho Clinical Diagnostics
      • 17.3.6.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
      • 17.3.6.2. Product Portfolio
      • 17.3.6.3. Financial Overview
      • 17.3.6.4. SWOT Analysis
      • 17.3.6.5. Strategic Overview
    • 17.3.7. Immucor, Inc.
      • 17.3.7.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
      • 17.3.7.2. Product Portfolio
      • 17.3.7.3. Financial Overview
      • 17.3.7.4. SWOT Analysis
      • 17.3.7.5. Strategic Overview
    • 17.3.8. Illumina, Inc.
      • 17.3.8.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
      • 17.3.8.2. Product Portfolio
      • 17.3.8.3. Financial Overview
      • 17.3.8.4. SWOT Analysis
      • 17.3.8.5. Strategic Overview
    • 17.3.9. Siemens Healthineers (Siemens AG)
      • 17.3.9.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
      • 17.3.9.2. Product Portfolio
      • 17.3.9.3. Financial Overview
      • 17.3.9.4. SWOT Analysis
      • 17.3.9.5. Strategic Overview
    • 17.3.10. Agilent Technologies
      • 17.3.10.1. Company Overview (HQ, Business Segments, Employee Strength)
      • 17.3.10.2. Product Portfolio
      • 17.3.10.3. Financial Overview
      • 17.3.10.4. SWOT Analysis
      • 17.3.10.5. Strategic Overview
샘플 요청 목록
0 건의 상품을 선택 중
목록 보기
전체삭제