Growth Factors of drive-through food service Market
The global drive-through food service market size was valued at USD 339.20 billion in 2025 and is projected to grow from USD 356.09 billion in 2026 to USD 566.53 billion by 2034, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.98% during the 2026-2034 forecast period. North America dominated the market with a 60.19% share in 2025, reaching a regional market value of approximately USD 204.17 billion.
Drive-through food service includes food and beverage sales through vehicle-based ordering and pickup systems operated mainly by quick-service and limited-service restaurant chains. Burger, chicken, coffee, bakery, sandwich, pizza, and dessert concepts are among the major formats using dedicated drive-through lanes. Growing consumer preference for convenience, speed, takeaway dining, and contactless ordering is supporting market expansion.
Drive-Through Food Service Market Trends
AI-Assisted Ordering and Dedicated Pickup Lanes Gain Momentum
A major market trend is the redesign of drive-through restaurants around speed, digital ordering, and operational efficiency. Operators are reducing dining room space, expanding kitchen capacity, and adding express or dedicated mobile-order pickup lanes.
AI-assisted voice ordering, digital menu boards, automated payments, predictive kitchen systems, and license-plate recognition are also being tested to improve order accuracy and reduce service time. Hybrid formats combining human service with digital automation are becoming increasingly important.
Market Drivers
Convenience and Higher Restaurant Throughput Drive Growth
Consumers increasingly prefer drive-through food service because it allows them to order and collect meals without parking or entering the restaurant. This is especially attractive to commuters, families, professionals, and travelers.
Drive-through formats also help operators process larger order volumes during peak hours. Rising suburban development, vehicle ownership, off-premise dining, and takeaway food demand continue to support the model.
Market Restraints
Real Estate and Queue Congestion Restrict Expansion
Drive-through outlets require sufficient vehicle stacking space, entry and exit points, signage, and separation from pedestrian traffic. These requirements make expansion difficult in dense urban areas where land costs and zoning restrictions are high.
Traffic congestion and labor shortages can also reduce service quality and limit throughput during busy periods.
Market Opportunities
Digital Ordering and Loyalty Programs Create Growth Opportunities
Mobile ordering, digital payments, loyalty programs, and personalized promotions are creating new opportunities for operators. Customers can order and pay before arriving, helping reduce decision time and improve queue flow.
Loyalty integration can also increase repeat purchases through targeted rewards, bundled offers, and personalized discounts.
Segmentation Analysis
By cuisine, burger and chicken-led QSRs held the largest share in 2025 due to standardized menus and high-volume preparation. Bakery, donut, and pastry-led concepts are projected to grow at a 5.45% CAGR.
By ordering mode, lane-originated orders dominated in 2025, while brand-owned digital pre-orders are projected to grow at a 6.23% CAGR.
By ownership model, franchised outlets led in 2025 due to asset-light expansion and easier network replication. Company-owned outlets are projected to grow at a 5.50% CAGR.
By infrastructure type, single-lane drive-throughs dominated, while dual-lane formats are projected to expand at a 5.78% CAGR.
By technology integration, manual ordering remained dominant, while digitally and AI-assisted drive-throughs are projected to grow at a 6.25% CAGR.
By operating hours, breakfast-to-dinner outlets led the market, while extended evening operations are expected to grow at a 5.95% CAGR.
Regional Outlook
North America dominated with USD 204.17 billion in 2025. The U.S. market reached approximately USD 176.84 billion in 2025, supported by strong car ownership, suburban lifestyles, large QSR networks, and widespread drive-through adoption.
Asia Pacific was valued at USD 52.25 billion in 2025. China reached approximately USD 13.29 billion, Japan USD 7.83 billion, and India USD 5.56 billion.
Europe generated approximately USD 37.35 billion in 2025. The U.K. reached around USD 9.03 billion, while Germany accounted for approximately USD 6.05 billion.
South America reached USD 17.17 billion in 2025, while the Middle East & Africa market stood at approximately USD 28.27 billion.
Competitive Landscape
Major companies include McDonald's Corporation, Yum! Brands, Restaurant Brands International, Starbucks Corporation, The Wendy's Company, Chick-fil-A, Domino's Pizza, Inspire Brands, Subway, and International Dairy Queen. Competition focuses on faster service, franchise expansion, digital ordering, menu consistency, AI deployment, loyalty programs, and new restaurant designs.
Key Industry Developments
In April 2026, Toast launched Toast Drive-Thru, an integrated system for modernizing fast-food drive-through operations. In December 2025, McDonald's opened a new free-standing drive-through restaurant in Vadodara, India. Chick-fil-A also expanded high-capacity drive-through formats with its elevated multi-lane restaurant concept.
Conclusion
The drive-through food service market is expected to expand steadily as consumers increasingly prioritize fast, convenient, and digitally enabled meal access. The global market is projected to rise from USD 339.20 billion in 2025 to USD 356.09 billion in 2026 and reach USD 566.53 billion by 2034, growing at a 5.98% CAGR. AI-assisted ordering, digital pre-orders, loyalty integration, franchise expansion, and optimized store formats are expected to remain the main factors shaping market growth through 2034.
Segmentation By Cuisine, By Ordering Mode, By Ownership Model, By Drive-through Infrastructure Type, By Technology Integration, By Operating Hours, and Region
By Cuisine
- Tex-Mex/Mexican
- Asian fast-food concepts
- Bakery, donut & pastry-led concepts
- Ice cream & frozen dessert-led concepts
- Pizza-led QSR
- Burger and Chicken led QSR
- Sandwich, sub & wrap-led QSR
- Others
By Ordering Mode
- Lane-originated order
- Brand-owned digital pre-order
- Third-party digital pre-order
By Ownership Model
- Company owned outlets
- Franchised outlets
- Licensed/partner operated outlets
By Drive-through Infrastructure Type
- Single-lane drive-through
- Dual-lane drive-through
- Multi-lane / high-capacity drive-through
By Technology Integration
- Manual ordering
- Digitally and AI assisted drive-through
- Fully automated
By Operating Hours
- Breakfast to dinner operating window
- Extended evening operation
- 24-hour drive-through operation
By Region
- North America (By Cuisine, By Ordering Mode, By Ownership Model, By Drive-through Infrastructure Type, By Technology Integration, By Operating Hours, and Country)
- U.S. (By Ownership Model)
- Canada (By Ownership Model)
- Mexico (By Ownership Model)
- Europe (By Cuisine, By Ordering Mode, By Ownership Model, By Drive-through Infrastructure Type, By Technology Integration, By Operating Hours, and Country)
- Germany (By Ownership Model)
- France (By Ownership Model)
- Italy (By Ownership Model)
- U.K. (By Ownership Model)
- Spain (By Ownership Model)
- Rest of Europe (By Ownership Model)
- Asia Pacific (By Cuisine, By Ordering Mode, By Ownership Model, By Drive-through Infrastructure Type, By Technology Integration, By Operating Hours, and Country)
- China (By Ownership Model)
- India (By Ownership Model)
- Japan (By Ownership Model)
- Australia (By Ownership Model)
- Rest of Asia Pacific (By Ownership Model)
- South America (By Cuisine, By Ordering Mode, By Ownership Model, By Drive-through Infrastructure Type, By Technology Integration, By Operating Hours, and Country)
- Brazil (By Ownership Model)
- Argentina (By Ownership Model)
- Rest of South America (By Ownership Model)
- Middle East & Africa (By Cuisine, By Ordering Mode, By Ownership Model, By Drive-through Infrastructure Type, By Technology Integration, By Operating Hours, and Country)
- South Africa (By Ownership Model)
- UAE (By Ownership Model)
- Rest of Middle East & Africa (By Ownership Model)
Table of Content
1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
2. Executive Summary
3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Market Drivers
- 3.2. Market Restraints
- 3.3. Market Opportunities
- 3.4. Market Trends
4. Key Insights
- 4.1. Market Overview of Related/Parent Market
- 4.2. Supply Chain Analysis
- 4.3. Regulatory Analysis
- 4.4. Industry SWOT Analysis
- 4.5. Recent Industry Developments - Policies, Mergers & Acquisitions, and New Product Launches
- 4.6. Tariff Impact on the market
5. Global Drive-Through Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2026-2034
- 5.1. Key Findings / Summary
- 5.2. Market Size Estimates and Forecast
- 5.2.1. By Cuisine (Value)
- 5.2.1.1. Tex-Mex/Mexican
- 5.2.1.2. Asian Fast-Food Concepts
- 5.2.1.3. Bakery, Donut & Pastry-Led Concepts
- 5.2.1.4. Ice Cream & Frozen Dessert-Led Concepts
- 5.2.1.5. Pizza-Led QSR
- 5.2.1.6. Burger And Chicken Led QSR
- 5.2.1.7. Sandwich, Sub & Wrap-Led QSR
- 5.2.1.8. Others
- 5.2.2. By Ordering Mode (Value)
- 5.2.2.1. Lane-Originated Order
- 5.2.2.2. Brand-Owned Digital Pre-Order
- 5.2.2.3. Third-Party Digital Pre-Order
- 5.2.3. By Drive-through Infrastructure Type (Value)
- 5.2.3.1. Single-Lane Drive-Through
- 5.2.3.2. Dual-Lane Drive-Through
- 5.2.3.3. Multi-Lane / High-Capacity Drive-Through
- 5.2.4. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 5.2.4.1. Company Owned Outlets
- 5.2.4.2. Franchised Outlets
- 5.2.4.3. Licensed/Partner Operated Outlets
- 5.2.5. By Technology Integration (Value)
- 5.2.5.1. Manual Ordering
- 5.2.5.2. Digitally And AI Assisted Drive-Through
- 5.2.5.3. Fully Automated
- 5.2.6. By Operating Hours (Value)
- 5.2.6.1. Breakfast To Dinner Operating Window
- 5.2.6.2. Extended Evening Operation
- 5.2.6.3. 24-Hour Drive-Through Operation
- 5.2.7. By Region (Value)
- 5.2.7.1. North America
- 5.2.7.2. Europe
- 5.2.7.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.2.7.4. South America
- 5.2.7.5. Middle East & Africa
6. North America Drive-Through Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2026-2034
- 6.1. Key Findings / Summary
- 6.2. Market Size Estimates and Forecast
- 6.2.1. By Cuisine (Value)
- 6.2.1.1. Tex-Mex/Mexican
- 6.2.1.2. Asian fast-food concepts
- 6.2.1.3. Bakery, donut & pastry-led concepts
- 6.2.1.4. Ice cream & frozen dessert-led concepts
- 6.2.1.5. Pizza-led QSR
- 6.2.1.6. Burger and Chicken led QSR
- 6.2.1.7. Sandwich, sub & wrap-led QSR
- 6.2.1.8. Others
- 6.2.2. By Ordering Mode (Value)
- 6.2.2.1. Lane-originated order
- 6.2.2.2. Brand-owned digital pre-order
- 6.2.2.3. Third-party digital pre-order
- 6.2.3. By Drive-through Infrastructure Type (Value)
- 6.2.3.1. Single-lane drive-through
- 6.2.3.2. Dual-lane drive-through
- 6.2.3.3. Multi-lane / high-capacity drive-through
- 6.2.4. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 6.2.4.1. Lane-originated order
- 6.2.4.2. Brand-owned digital pre-order
- 6.2.4.3. Third-party digital pre-order
- 6.2.5. By Technology Integration (Value)
- 6.2.5.1. Manual ordering
- 6.2.5.2. Digitally and AI assisted drive-through
- 6.2.5.3. Fully automated
- 6.2.6. By Operating Hours (Value)
- 6.2.6.1. Breakfast to dinner operating window
- 6.2.6.2. Extended evening operation
- 6.2.6.3. 24-hour drive-through operation
- 6.2.7. By Country
- 6.2.7.1. U.S.
- 6.2.7.1.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 6.2.7.1.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 6.2.7.1.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 6.2.7.1.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 6.2.7.2. Canada
- 6.2.7.2.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 6.2.7.2.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 6.2.7.2.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 6.2.7.2.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 6.2.7.3. Mexico
- 6.2.7.3.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 6.2.7.3.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 6.2.7.3.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 6.2.7.3.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
7. Europe Drive-Through Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2026-2034
- 7.1. Key Findings / Summary
- 7.2. Market Size Estimates and Forecast
- 7.2.1. By Cuisine (Value)
- 7.2.1.1. Tex-Mex/Mexican
- 7.2.1.2. Asian fast-food concepts
- 7.2.1.3. Bakery, donut & pastry-led concepts
- 7.2.1.4. Ice cream & frozen dessert-led concepts
- 7.2.1.5. Pizza-led QSR
- 7.2.1.6. Burger and Chicken led QSR
- 7.2.1.7. Sandwich, sub & wrap-led QSR
- 7.2.1.8. Others
- 7.2.2. By Ordering Mode (Value)
- 7.2.2.1. Lane-originated order
- 7.2.2.2. Brand-owned digital pre-order
- 7.2.2.3. Third-party digital pre-order
- 7.2.3. By Drive-through Infrastructure Type (Value)
- 7.2.3.1. Single-lane drive-through
- 7.2.3.2. Dual-lane drive-through
- 7.2.3.3. Multi-lane / high-capacity drive-through
- 7.2.4. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 7.2.4.1. Lane-originated order
- 7.2.4.2. Brand-owned digital pre-order
- 7.2.4.3. Third-party digital pre-order
- 7.2.5. By Technology Integration (Value)
- 7.2.5.1. Manual ordering
- 7.2.5.2. Digitally and AI assisted drive-through
- 7.2.5.3. Fully automated
- 7.2.6. By Operating Hours (Value)
- 7.2.6.1. Breakfast to dinner operating window
- 7.2.6.2. Extended evening operation
- 7.2.6.3. 24-hour drive-through operation
- 7.2.7. By Country
- 7.2.7.1. Germany
- 7.2.7.1.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 7.2.7.1.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 7.2.7.1.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 7.2.7.1.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 7.2.7.2. U.K.
- 7.2.7.2.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 7.2.7.2.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 7.2.7.2.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 7.2.7.2.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 7.2.7.3. France
- 7.2.7.3.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 7.2.7.3.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 7.2.7.3.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 7.2.7.3.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 7.2.7.4. Italy
- 7.2.7.4.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 7.2.7.4.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 7.2.7.4.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 7.2.7.4.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 7.2.7.5. Spain
- 7.2.7.5.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 7.2.7.5.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 7.2.7.5.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 7.2.7.5.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 7.2.7.6. Rest of Europe
- 7.2.7.6.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 7.2.7.6.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 7.2.7.6.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 7.2.7.6.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
8. Asia Pacific Drive-Through Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2026-2034
- 8.1. Key Findings / Summary
- 8.1.1. By Cuisine (Value)
- 8.1.1.1. Tex-Mex/Mexican
- 8.1.1.2. Asian fast-food concepts
- 8.1.1.3. Bakery, donut & pastry-led concepts
- 8.1.1.4. Ice cream & frozen dessert-led concepts
- 8.1.1.5. Pizza-led QSR
- 8.1.1.6. Burger and Chicken led QSR
- 8.1.1.7. Sandwich, sub & wrap-led QSR
- 8.1.1.8. Others
- 8.1.2. By Ordering Mode (Value)
- 8.1.2.1. Lane-originated order
- 8.1.2.2. Brand-owned digital pre-order
- 8.1.2.3. Third-party digital pre-order
- 8.1.3. By Drive-through Infrastructure Type (Value)
- 8.1.3.1. Single-lane drive-through
- 8.1.3.2. Dual-lane drive-through
- 8.1.3.3. Multi-lane / high-capacity drive-through
- 8.1.4. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 8.1.4.1. Lane-originated order
- 8.1.4.2. Brand-owned digital pre-order
- 8.1.4.3. Third-party digital pre-order
- 8.1.5. By Technology Integration (Value)
- 8.1.5.1. Manual ordering
- 8.1.5.2. Digitally and AI assisted drive-through
- 8.1.5.3. Fully automated
- 8.1.6. By Operating Hours (Value)
- 8.1.6.1. Breakfast to dinner operating window
- 8.1.6.2. Extended evening operation
- 8.1.6.3. 24-hour drive-through operation
- 8.1.7. By Country
- 8.1.7.1. China
- 8.1.7.1.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 8.1.7.1.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 8.1.7.1.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 8.1.7.1.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 8.1.7.2. India
- 8.1.7.2.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 8.1.7.2.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 8.1.7.2.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 8.1.7.2.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 8.1.7.3. Japan
- 8.1.7.3.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 8.1.7.3.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 8.1.7.3.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 8.1.7.3.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 8.1.7.4. Australia
- 8.1.7.4.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 8.1.7.4.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 8.1.7.4.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 8.1.7.4.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 8.1.7.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
- 8.1.7.5.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 8.1.7.5.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 8.1.7.5.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 8.1.7.5.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
9. South America Drive-Through Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2026-2034
- 9.1. Key Findings / Summary
- 9.1.1. By Cuisine (Value)
- 9.1.1.1. Tex-Mex/Mexican
- 9.1.1.2. Asian fast-food concepts
- 9.1.1.3. Bakery, donut & pastry-led concepts
- 9.1.1.4. Ice cream & frozen dessert-led concepts
- 9.1.1.5. Pizza-led QSR
- 9.1.1.6. Burger and Chicken led QSR
- 9.1.1.7. Sandwich, sub & wrap-led QSR
- 9.1.1.8. Others
- 9.1.2. By Ordering Mode (Value)
- 9.1.2.1. Lane-originated order
- 9.1.2.2. Brand-owned digital pre-order
- 9.1.2.3. Third-party digital pre-order
- 9.1.3. By Drive-through Infrastructure Type (Value)
- 9.1.3.1. Single-lane drive-through
- 9.1.3.2. Dual-lane drive-through
- 9.1.3.3. Multi-lane / high-capacity drive-through
- 9.1.4. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 9.1.4.1. Lane-originated order
- 9.1.4.2. Brand-owned digital pre-order
- 9.1.4.3. Third-party digital pre-order
- 9.1.5. By Technology Integration (Value)
- 9.1.5.1. Manual ordering
- 9.1.5.2. Digitally and AI assisted drive-through
- 9.1.5.3. Fully automated
- 9.1.6. By Operating Hours (Value)
- 9.1.6.1. Breakfast to dinner operating window
- 9.1.6.2. Extended evening operation
- 9.1.6.3. 24-hour drive-through operation
- 9.1.7. By Country
- 9.1.7.1. Brazil
- 9.1.7.1.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 9.1.7.1.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 9.1.7.1.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 9.1.7.1.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 9.1.7.2. Argentina
- 9.1.7.2.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 9.1.7.2.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 9.1.7.2.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 9.1.7.2.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 9.1.7.3. Rest of South America
- 9.1.7.3.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 9.1.7.3.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 9.1.7.3.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 9.1.7.3.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
10. Middle East & Africa Drive-Through Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2026-2034
- 10.1. Key Findings / Summary
- 10.1.1. By Cuisine (Value)
- 10.1.1.1. Tex-Mex/Mexican
- 10.1.1.2. Asian fast-food concepts
- 10.1.1.3. Bakery, donut & pastry-led concepts
- 10.1.1.4. Ice cream & frozen dessert-led concepts
- 10.1.1.5. Pizza-led QSR
- 10.1.1.6. Burger and Chicken led QSR
- 10.1.1.7. Sandwich, sub & wrap-led QSR
- 10.1.1.8. Others
- 10.1.2. By Ordering Mode (Value)
- 10.1.2.1. Lane-originated order
- 10.1.2.2. Brand-owned digital pre-order
- 10.1.2.3. Third-party digital pre-order
- 10.1.3. By Drive-through Infrastructure Type (Value)
- 10.1.3.1. Single-lane drive-through
- 10.1.3.2. Dual-lane drive-through
- 10.1.3.3. Multi-lane / high-capacity drive-through
- 10.1.4. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 10.1.4.1. Lane-originated order
- 10.1.4.2. Brand-owned digital pre-order
- 10.1.4.3. Third-party digital pre-order
- 10.1.5. By Technology Integration (Value)
- 10.1.5.1. Manual ordering
- 10.1.5.2. Digitally and AI assisted drive-through
- 10.1.5.3. Fully automated
- 10.1.6. By Operating Hours (Value)
- 10.1.6.1. Breakfast to dinner operating window
- 10.1.6.2. Extended evening operation
- 10.1.6.3. 24-hour drive-through operation
- 10.1.7. By Country
- 10.1.7.1. UAE
- 10.1.7.1.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 10.1.7.1.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 10.1.7.1.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 10.1.7.1.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 10.1.7.2. South Africa
- 10.1.7.2.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 10.1.7.2.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 10.1.7.2.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 10.1.7.2.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
- 10.1.7.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa
- 10.1.7.3.1. By Ownership Model (Value)
- 10.1.7.3.1.1. Company owned outlets
- 10.1.7.3.1.2. Franchised outlets
- 10.1.7.3.1.3. Licensed/partner operated outlets
11. Competitive Matrix
- 11.1. Business Strategies Adopted by Leading Players
- 11.2. Global Drive-Through Food Service Market Revenue Share/Ranking Analysis, By Key Manufacturer, 2025
12. Company Profiles
- 12.1. McDonald's Corporation.
- 12.1.1. Overview
- 12.1.2. Description
- 12.1.3. Ordering Mode Portfolio
- 12.1.4. Financials (Data as available in public domain and/or on paid databases)
- 12.1.5. Recent Developments
- 12.2. Yum! Brands, Inc.
- 12.3. Restaurant Brands International Inc.
- 12.4. Starbucks Corporation
- 12.5. The Wendy's Company
- 12.6. Chick-fil-A, Inc.
- 12.7. Domino's Pizza, Inc.
- 12.8. Inspire Brands, Inc.
- 12.9. Subway IP LLC
- 12.10. International Dairy Queen, Inc.
13. Strategic Recommendations
14. Appendix